tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39677838031476519932024-03-18T07:42:59.351+08:00台灣公共化協會 (公共協)台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.comBlogger274125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-67122639436165737942014-04-12T14:22:00.000+08:002014-04-12T14:22:05.112+08:00抗爭的正當性與服貿協議的真相<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">█</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">姚欣進</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ”學生們的抗爭與主張,僅在追求程序正義上是完全正當的,如果越此一步而跨入 實質判斷主張,宣稱此服貿協議應作廢退回,就毫無正當性<span lang="EN-US">---</span>因為服貿協議是否真有 重大瑕疵,尚須由公民審議的正當程序運作後才能斷定,不容任何人、任何號稱全民 的團體來取代。”<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(本文為筆者個人意見,不代表公共協立場)<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我們應如何判斷兩岸服貿協議的是非爭議,以及學生激進抗爭行動的正當性?本文將從<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">程序正義</b>的角度,來評斷學生激進抗爭的正當性<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">範圍,</b>並從服貿協議的<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">實質內容(相關的客觀事實)</b>來分析反對服貿協議批判主張,是否有是實根據。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">一、為何服貿協議的爭議在於程序?<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">服貿協議直接影響的是臺灣約達88萬家企業,受雇者至少4百萬人,占整體服務業勞動者九成,而在兩岸經貿乃至於政治關係上,三五年後更會有質的重大變化。對臺灣民眾來說,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">服貿協議開啟了</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">非常不確定的新挑戰局面。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">因此,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">服貿議題絕非是一個單純的經貿政策,或可被矮化為行政裁量權內的行政命令而已,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">認為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">只要根據現行法規(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">臺灣地區與大陸地區人民關係條例</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">第5條),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">則</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">此協議僅須國會備查即可生效。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">行政機關必須體認,這攸關全民重大利益(甚至國家安危)議案,不僅需要在國會內以法律審議的法定程序方式來達成政黨共識,更需要在社會中爭取到絕大多數人民認同。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">服貿議題在一開始,就應以最高的程序標準、最開放的公民參與討論與監督空間,來處理。</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">唯有透過這種充分溝通的程序,才能得到理性共識,並在這共識基礎上來擬定、簽署服貿協議。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">所以,政府應主動地來開放、促成這公民對話溝通機制,而非拘泥於現行落後的法規條文,來便宜行事。但</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">馬政府對此協議的處理,從約四年前簽訂ECFA開始到目前,從未真正以雙向溝通方式來說服有疑慮民眾,如今又要以法有明文的僵硬法律解讀方式,來合法化行政權的程序作為,又怎能能讓民眾不質疑其政治統治正當性呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">二、追求程序正義:學生抗爭的正當性<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">從追求程序正義、擴大公民社會溝通的角度來看,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這次學生佔領立法院有其無可懷疑的正當性與必要性。</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">因為這攸關臺灣命運、大多數民眾利益的重大政策執行,怎能不以最高程序標準、最開放的公民參與審議的過程</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,來擬定兩岸的服貿議題呢?沒有這些學生的衝撞僵化的行政體制、狹隘的政黨協商與惡鬥,如今我們就不可能以較廣闊的公民討論空間來正視服貿議題。學生們的抗爭,帶給了我們能有機會以更高的程序標準來檢驗、審議服貿協議<span lang="EN-US">---</span>這就是此次學運抗爭行動的正當性!<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">前文已說明,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">沒有程序正義在先,就沒有其後的任何實質正當性。</b>任何對服貿協議內容有不同事實或價值判斷,都不是自己說了算,然後以形式上的法定程序(如這次國民黨的便宜行事)來背書其「合法性」。這次學運的抗爭目標,正是為了這程序正義,所以在這點上,當然有其正當性。同樣的,以這程序正義的標準來檢驗,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">學運抗爭的訴求,一旦違背了這程序正義,就當然毫無正當性可言。<span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">三、可能的自我矛盾訴求<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">月<span lang="EN-US">30</span>日學生們提出的四大訴求,其中的三項,建立兩岸協議監督機制、召開公民憲政會議、先立法再審議,都是程序正義的要求:即,兩岸服貿協議須透過最開放的公民溝通程序來審議(公民憲政會議、監督機制),並且此程序乃是以法律所規範(先立法後審議)。我們完全贊同這三點程序正義的訴求,並在此呼籲執政黨應儘速落實此公民參與的民主審議程序,並在這基礎上決定服貿協議的命運。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">但學運所提出的第一項訴求「退回服貿協議」,若這意味此服貿協議內容因有重大瑕疵而撤銷作廢(法律定義為「自始無效,而回復未與大陸談判前的原狀」),而毋需由公民、國會就此協議重新審議,
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">那這訴求顯然有違程序正義,而與學生們的其他三項訴求恰恰是自我矛盾!<span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">學生們既已提出程序正義的三大訴求,那就應將這尚未有共識的服貿協議放到未來公民審議的程序中來進行檢驗,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">而不應在這程序尚未成立、啟動前,就逕自自我認定這協議是有重大瑕疵而應作廢。如果學生們主張,這服貿協議不需經過正當程序的審議,就可在目前當下決定作廢退回,那學生們佔領立法院的程序正義抗爭,又是為了什麼?<span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">一言以蔽之,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">學生們的抗爭與主張,僅在追求程序正義上是完全正當的,如果越此一步而跨入實質判斷主張,宣稱此服貿協議應作廢退回,就毫無正當性<span lang="EN-US">---</span>因為服貿協議是否真有重大瑕疵,尚須由公民審議的正當程序運作後才能斷定,不容任何人、任何號稱全民的團體來取代。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">四、對服貿協議徹底質疑,有事實根據嗎?<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">毋需諱言,許多反對服貿協議群眾不僅是反對國民黨不尊守程序正義,也更是對服貿協議的實質內容有根本的疑懼與批判。對於服貿協議實質內容的質疑,如要合理說服他人,如同任何性質的論辯標準一樣(如法庭上的案件審議),必須建立在客觀事實與價值合理判斷上,而客觀事實尤為最基本的第一步。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">以下,筆者將針對目前最具代表性的質疑論述,來擇要檢驗其質疑是否有客觀事實根據?</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">質疑者的論述,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">可分為三大主題,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">即協議不對等;臺灣的國安、人權保障被侵害;臺灣社會整體利益受損害</b></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">;</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們依序討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(一)協議不對等?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在協議不對等方面,質疑者以對照表來說明,在此協議中,臺灣對大陸開放許多產業,但大陸卻沒有相對開放,這是不對等協議,違背國際協議的基本平等原則。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">但若我們一一對照相關資料,當可發現:質疑者所指責這些大陸未承諾開放的產業類別,絕大多數都是大陸早於十二年前加入WTO時就已承諾開放的產業項目,而臺灣是會員國也早已一體適用已被開放(甚至有許多業者早已在對岸經營多年了)。這些早已開放的產業,包括廣告、管理諮詢、附帶於農林狩獵漁業之服務、相關科學技術諮詢服務、設備維修服務、包裝服務、快遞服務、經銷、旅館及餐廳、租賃服務等。因為早已對臺灣開放,就根本毋需在此協議中又重行列入。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">此外,某些產業(如電腦業的資料處理服務)則已列入四年前的ECFA之早收清單中,早就對臺灣開放,反而是臺灣延到這次協議談判中才承諾開放,所以才僅單方面列出臺灣開放此產業項目。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">所謂兩岸經貿關係是否對等開放,應將此次協議開放的項目以及過去兩岸加入WTO的承諾、兩岸ECFA早收清單等一併檢視評估,而非只片面看這次協議,就哇哇叫說,兩岸不對等開放。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></sup></span></sup></a>質疑者顯然連基本功課都未做,就提出上述不符客觀事實的指責。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(二)國安堪憂、侵害人權?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">關於國家安全與人權方面,質疑者有以下指責。境內航空器租賃業開放會危害國家安全。即使所言能成立,但這項目之所以開放,是因為這是臺灣當年加入WTO的承諾項目,若如今要撤銷對WTO的承諾,那我們當年的承諾或評估又是怎麼一回事?如果許多類似承諾向全球開放的項目,如今因為大陸因素而要向全球撤銷,那臺灣是否要退出WTO?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其次,質疑者說,開放廣告業就會讓大陸業者日後以抽回廣告來要脅臺灣媒體言論尺度,而危害臺灣憲法保障的言論自由。這實在是使人匪夷所思的說法:此協議是開放給大陸做廣告的業者(為賺錢而承攬廣告文案的製作者),這些來台承攬廣告業務者並非是廣告主(出錢買廣告者),根本毫無權力來自行停止廣告業務的定製,這哪來廣告抽單之說!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其三,質疑者說開放大陸銀行業者參股,一旦成為我國銀行業之陸銀董事後,就可掌握客戶個人信用資料等,侵犯個人隱私。但臺灣早已實施「個人資料保護法」,對於銀行間之徵信規定甚嚴,難道這一體適用的規範能不約束陸銀董事嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(三)醫療資源不均、社會福利為營利事業?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">關於社會整體利益方面,質疑者則有以下批評。首先,質疑者認為,開放陸資來台設立醫院,將嚴重影響目前臺灣醫療資源配置,使得城鄉醫療資源差距惡化。但事實是,我們有「醫療法」(母法)、「醫院設立或擴充許可辦法」(行政處分之法規命令),以及主管機關之「受理醫院設立或擴充案件審查原則」(法規命令)等相關法規,嚴密規定對於新設立醫院地區之審查,需依各地區人口與床位數比例而有先後次序,所以陸資申請新醫院只會被核准在醫療資源最缺乏地區。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其次,質疑者疑慮,開放陸資來台成立社會福利機構,提供老人照護等勞務,卻並未在協議中規定為非營利機構,則陸資以營利方式來經營勢必嚴重打擊目前非營利的社會照護事業,並扭曲了社會福利工作的性質。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">但事實是:根據社會福利機構的相關法規(如老人福利法第36條以及相關行政函釋),在臺灣要成立、經營社福機構必須是非營利機構,並接受社會福利主管機關的行政監督,陸資怎能例外?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(四)臺灣無法規管制嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">必須指出,服貿協議僅是兩岸相互概括性開放承諾協議,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">即此協議僅表示兩岸業者有申請投資的機會而已,而非就會當然被核准申請</b>。兩岸業者的申請投資是否被核准,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">尚須兩岸主管機關依據各自境內的法規來審核</b>。陸資申請來台投資,日後是否會有如質疑者種種疑懼的上述情事發生,關鍵在於:我國目前是否已有相關法規來審核、管制?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">因此,我們對於服貿協議的安全評估,絕不能僅以服貿協議概括性開放就逕自評斷臺灣安全堪憂,而必須追查我們是否有配套的審核、管制法規。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一般說來,我國的公司法以及證券交易法,對於臺灣境內商業組織之管制已相當完備與成熟(管制對象包括在台外商公司)。但為了因應陸資來台,主管機關已於去年底擬定了「大陸地區人民來臺投資許可辦法」,其中對於陸資申請投資、設立公司都有遠較公司法更嚴格的審核與管理規定。其中並明定</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(第八條)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">陸資即使投資獲准,日後在經營上有獨占、寡占或壟斷性地位現象,或在政治、社會、文化上具有敏感性或影響國家安全,或對臺灣經濟發展或金融穩定有不利影響,都得撤銷或廢止(事前審查則得限制或禁止)!</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">除此原則性的規定</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">保障</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">外,如前文所示,此協議開放的每一特定產業,我國早有相關規範一體適用於陸資、外資,來保障臺灣國安、人權、基本社會利益等,以致於質疑者的大部分質疑,在這些法規的對照下,根本不符客觀事實(除非我們行政機關罔顧職守、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">不</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">依法執行),可說是無中生有的妄加指責。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">五、回歸程序正義<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">反對服貿協議內容的質疑者,未來在開放而正當的審議程序中,當然有權利主張自己看法,但既是理性論辯的審議民主程序,質疑者至少要拿出符合基本事實、經得起起碼理性認知考驗的說法,而非如上述如此不堪、跡近於無知(筆者願意排除惡意捏造的可能)的論述。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">在指出上述質疑者說法無事實根據時,我們並非對目前服貿協議沒有若干保留意見。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a>但總體來說,這些</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">僅屬次要修正性質,而且可由相關法規上做出更周全配套措施來補充,而遠</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">遠</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">未達到</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">這已</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">讓臺灣門戶大開、利益不保的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">地步</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">本文所言、官方說法、質疑者所言,當然須由未來的公共理性辯論來檢驗確認。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">我們由衷地期待,朝野雙方、所有關切此重大議題的公民們,能儘速建立一個公民民主審議的程序,並在此之下來進行實質審查,讓真理越辯越明。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">上述文字或許是以「小人之心」而誤解學生訴求之本意,若是如此,筆者當再公開修正上述批評說法。學生們提出「退回服貿協議」亦有可能是出自於單純的程序正義立場。即,既然本案非由正當程序來進行,那原案當然無效而應原案退回。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">即使如此,學生們仍應釐清:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">退回的階段,是否有前後之分?</b>服貿協議前階段是國會已同意行政機關與大陸談判(從<span lang="EN-US">ECFA</span>開始);後一階段是此談判結果送請國會審議。若學生們的「退回」,指的是:退回到尚未談判之<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">前</b>,即行政機關的談判工作因無正當程序的授權而完全無效,那豈非連<span lang="EN-US">ECFA</span>都須要一併否定(服貿協議是根據<span lang="EN-US">ECFA</span>而來的子協議)?這幾乎是無限上綱的作法,而且有違法之不溯既往、法安定性原則。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">但若「退回」是退回到行政機關已談判完成的時間點上,而由行政機關以此談判成果的服貿協議重新提請審議;即,我們承認談判的正當性,但對談判結果是否同意,尚須由正當程序來審議。這作法,不僅符合程序正義的基本要求,而且能務實地處理本案爭議。筆者期望,學生們訴求能釐清上述疑問,並以審議階段之正當程序來解決本案爭議。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">質疑服貿協議內容者的論述,以筆者了解,目前較代表性的論述是鄭秀玲老師為首的三篇簡報,<關鍵產業評估報告﹥,發表於3/16/2014,分別針對印刷業、運輸業與銀行業等而提出犀利的質疑總評,<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/ntuperc/2014-0316#"><span style="color: #000099;">http://www.slideshare.net/ntuperc/2014-0316#</span></a>。另請參見自去年7月開始至12月的台大公共經濟研究中心一系列的學術研討會之相關質疑簡報、論文,<a href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntuperc/Conference-1.htm"><span style="color: #000099;">http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~ntuperc/Conference-1.htm</span></a>。此外,筆者也參閱了較有實質內容的民間版服貿協議質疑手冊,<a href="http://billy3321.github.io/tisa/"><span style="color: #000099;">http://billy3321.github.io/tisa/</span></a>。以下,筆者將以這些論述為主要對象來分析討論。</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">經濟部新聞稿指出:「若單以行業論,至少就包括會計審計和簿記、建築設計和集中工程服務、房地產服務及商標代理服務,若以其相對內容論,諸如陸方開放我經營演出場所可持多數股權,而我方僅限制陸資持有少數股權,陸方開放我設立獨資醫院,我方僅開放合資捐助的財團法人醫院且董事席次不得超過1/3,這些又該如何計算?」。</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">例如,大陸在<span lang="EN-US">ECFA</span>早收清單中並未開放資料庫服務(編號<span lang="EN-US">CP844</span>),而臺灣卻開放;臺灣開放第二類電信業,雖然主管機關說明,此僅為沒落型產業,所有員工僅有<span lang="EN-US">72</span>人,但此產業主要是企業公司內部網絡的服務工作,或與臺灣企業業務機密息息相關,是否適合開放,不無可再審議的空間;</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Apple LiGothic Medium"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">開放老人與身心障礙者福利機構,臺灣規定陸資以「合夥」且出資比例不超過五成以上。但依我國民法規定(民法670),在合夥組織內,任何合夥人均有同等決定權,因此陸資實質上對於福利機構的經營決策有相當主導力,此與其他開放陸資的原則不符,是否應有所調整,也有商榷的空間。</span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-41689828477703950172014-02-07T02:15:00.002+08:002014-02-07T02:21:23.286+08:00在黑暗中看到光明:底特律城市破產與美國左翼運動的生機(下)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">█姚欣進</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">”......被壓迫者的教育應與被壓迫者自身重建新的生活方式結合起來,以生活即教育(反之亦然),來全盤重新規劃運作。即,被壓迫者的教育絕非是填鴨式的抽象灌輸階級仇恨或左翼教條(教條式理解左翼理念),而是如何在實際生活中體認自己責無旁貸的自我解放、互助團結的責任,如何培力自己被壓迫者自身的實踐能力與批判思考。”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">「美國未來的革命,不應只是揭發你的敵人,革命者更應是解決問題的手段:即重新創造一個嶄新社會、新的工作方式、新的教育體制與新文化」---葛雷絲.李.波格斯(
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">本篇文章上篇,論述了美國底特律市申請破產的前因後果,並指出:從全球資本角度來說,既然底特律市已是毫無投資價值的地點而已撤資、徹廠,那底特律市今日的68萬居民何去何從,根本是與資本不相干的問題!但從人的角度來說,資本破產而撤資,卻絕能不意味著人類本身的死亡。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">那麼,這些無法隨著資本而移動的當地居民怎麼辦?怎麼繼續有尊嚴、有希望地生活下去?針對這問題, 本文要介紹討論的一個帶有傳奇色彩美國左翼者,
葛雷絲.李.波格斯 ,一生動人經歷中所摸索出來的可能實踐答案。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">波格斯如今已高齡99歲。她出自於中國籍父親與美國白人母親的家庭,也是全家第一個讀大學,並完成博士學位的知識份子。她的專業知識領域是哲學,主要專研黑格爾哲學與美國哲學家米德之實用哲學。但以上世紀四十年代的社會氛圍,據她自述,她弱勢中的弱勢身份(華裔與女性)不可能在正統學術界找到大學教育工作,於是她輾轉到了芝加哥大學圖書館當管理職員,並開始注意並很快地參與芝加哥市的黑人民權與勞工抗爭活動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">由於她非常犀利的批判意識,她一開始所選定的是革命左翼的政治立場,深深認同當時被放逐於墨西哥的托洛茨基之革命民主勞工階級的政治理念,不僅加入當時托派的美國勞工政黨
(Workers Party),並輔佐該黨之托派領導者,詹姆士(C.L.R. James),亦為非洲裔但非美國公民。在這段期間,她不僅首次翻譯了馬克思著名的1844年經濟與哲學手稿,也積極參與了該黨內部之政治路線、組織路線的辯論。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">這革命左翼勞工政黨的路線辯論焦點是:在對美國資本主義抗爭的社會主義革命裡,是否除了藍領勞工的正統階級訴求外,其餘弱勢族群的利益訴求,尤其是非洲裔族群的民權,也應是左翼政黨的主要訴求之一?勞工階級訴求與非洲裔或其他非歐洲裔族群之多元訴求彼此關係是什麼?這爭議將決定革命左翼政治與組織路線的內涵與實際發展方向。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">二、第二階段:階級與種族抗爭</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">波格斯經過的一段反覆思考與實踐抗爭後(在芝加哥先後為窮困民眾的房租法令抗爭,後來為一般勞工低薪抗爭),她發覺階級勞工被剝削與多元權利被壓制,這兩方面都重疊、集中於非洲裔民眾身上:不僅是一般勞工被剝削而需要抗爭,而若身為非洲裔勞工就還要身受另一層的種族歧視而備受壓迫(如非洲裔勞工不能與白人勞工平等坐公車)。因此,無論從槓桿操作角度來看(即最有效益的組織動員能量),或從最全面的人道抗爭來說,一個真正革命的左翼政黨都不可能漠視非洲裔勞工、民眾被歧視事實,而這差別待遇不應以所謂更上位的階級勞工抗爭所掩蓋、取代,而應集中在非洲裔勞工、民眾來進行左翼運動抗爭。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">換句話說,波格斯的政治實踐方向開始由基本的左翼階級政治轉向於以美國非洲裔群眾之民權抗爭為主軸。在個人生活方面,她在這期間結識了她一生的革命與生命伴侶,詹姆士.波格斯,一位本識字無多而靠自修來成長的當地汽車工廠勞工與運動活動者,並於50年代移居底特律:在此地,波格斯開始扎根、進行她長達五十餘年的新左翼運動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">在50年代至60年代中期,底特律市是美國典型藍領勞工群集之都(如本文上篇所述),也是相對於其他大城市,擁有非洲裔被集體僱用最多勞工的城市。這應是波格斯夫婦大力推動發展結合了勞工運動與非洲裔民權運動的良機,但事後的發展卻並非如此。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">這可從兩大因素來分析。首先,波格斯夫婦雖積極參與當時非洲裔民權運動,深受民權運動領導者金恩牧師的影響(尤其是他所倡議重建社區的運動目標),但他們對於美國社會之根本矛盾的分析,卻始終牢牢把握著資本主義之經濟規律、階級關係來論述,斷言美國的種族矛盾根源,來自於美國資本主義的特殊歷史與社會背景。因此,他們的運動觀並非是劃地自限的「黑權運動」、「非洲裔群眾分離、自建國家」等運動,也因此波格斯曾力勸當時傾向於分離主義的非洲裔魅力領袖,麥爾坎·X參與美國參議員競選,在既定的美國聯邦體制下來進行抗爭。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">其次,也正因為波格斯從未只狹隘地看到非洲裔民眾受壓迫,就無限上綱地認為這就是整個非洲裔民眾只要推翻掉白人種族歧視,非洲裔民眾就可自身解放。波格斯夫婦同時看到除了直接的種族壓迫與歧視外,更深一層的宰制卻是資本主義個人私利至上、商品化的社會關係與價值觀,無時無刻地荼毒、曲扭了被壓迫者的心靈,以至於他們從小就被馴化而毫無批判力,更無自信心來珍惜、發揮自己與生俱來的潛力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">三、第三階段:被壓迫者的教育與社區重建</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">他們從當時的工運經驗裡,痛苦地體會到原來許多工會幹部、眾多的工會勞工們,往往只顧自己一廠或自身產業內的利益而漠不關心其他產業的勞工權益,而越在工會上位者越容易被收編。另一方面,在非洲裔民權方面,雖然當時處於直接抗爭中而出現了許多令人欽佩的非洲裔民權鬥士,但更多的非洲裔青年卻毫不關切整體社會的不公義,所關心僅只是自己個人職場上升遷、買好汽車等狹隘的個人物質利益。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">這些令人灰心的客觀現象,直接的癥結顯然是被壓迫者心靈已被曲扭、制約,則解決知道應是所謂的意識形態改造,即政治教育、社會教育等。但波格斯夫婦逐漸體認到,教育本身卻絕非孤立的行動。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">簡要的說,被壓迫者的教育應與被壓迫者自身重建新的生活方式結合起來,以生活即教育(反之亦然),來全盤重新規劃運作。即,被壓迫者的教育絕非是填鴨式的抽象灌輸階級仇恨或左翼教條(教條式理解左翼理念),而是如何在實際生活中體認自己責無旁貸的自我解放、互助團結的責任,如何培力自己被壓迫者自身的實踐能力與批判思考。一旦這教育過程是與重建被壓迫者之新生活結合起來,那教育完成的一日,也就是新社會能開花茁壯的一日!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">波格斯自述說,她以上的理念是來自於美國自由派的教育哲學家(也是大師級的美國實用哲學家,其與托洛茨基有段惺惺相惜的互動過程),杜威之「生活即教育」教育哲學,以及巴西籍的教育哲學家,佛雷勒(Paulo
Freire)之被壓迫者教育學的批判意識發展的辯證過程。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">在六十年代初期,正當美國民權運動開始高漲過程中,波格斯卻開始發展出她第三階段的路線:如何以被壓迫者的教育為切入點,以重建被壓迫者、被汙辱者、被損害者的互助互愛社區為目標,結合教育(人心的改變與實踐能力的發展)與社區重建(新生活方式的落實)。波格斯(以其夫之名發表)於1962年,以其上一階段的工運實踐經驗總結,提出了上述理念的基本謅議,並冠之以「美國革命」;到了1974年,更完整提出這結合被壓迫者教育與重建社區為革命左翼政治路線的論述,Revolution
and Evolution in the Twentieth Century(二十世紀的革命與演進)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">論述至此,波格斯似乎僅表現為一個運動理論者,那她在底特律市實踐過程、內容與成果如何?她上述的政治路線能作為今後左翼運動的重要借鏡與依據嗎?我們應毫無保留地接受嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">針對前者的問題,波格斯夫婦本已成立的一個社區培力、教育與溝通協力的平台機制,即波格斯中心(boggs
center),經過多年來耕耘努力,這中心已成為底特律市碩果僅存的最有活力與創意的社區多元自主發展力量的匯聚點。而此中心,更於去年底特律市申告破產而驟然關閉23所公立學校,同時裁掉600多名教師,有7500名兒童將因此失學時,卻在五名專業教師努力下成立了波格斯學校,招收從幼稚園至小學五年級學童(完全免學費),以實際行動來一步步落實其教育理念與社區重建的願景。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">針對後者的質疑,筆者將另文再論述討論(並與臺灣經驗作比較),並對波格斯學校現在進行式的發展,提供更深入的介紹。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">(筆者為台灣公共化協會成員) </span></div>
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<![endif]-->台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-12012323652245482942014-02-07T01:41:00.000+08:002014-02-07T01:41:26.702+08:00在黑暗中看到光明:底特律城市破產與美國左翼運動的生機(上)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">█姚欣進</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">”....從人的角度來說,</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">底特律當地被資本棄絕而去的68萬居民,政府已無能再提供基本的人身保護、就業與教育的保障時,又該如何呢?<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">資本可以逃離以免虧損,但這些弱勢者能走到哪裡?他們的下一步呢?他們的下一代呢?他們如何生活,而且踐行一個有意義、有尊嚴的生活呢?”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">----編者按</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><a name='more'></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">“60年前我搬到底特律時,你向空中扔塊石頭,石頭落下來會砸到一名汽車工人;(現在),你向空中扔塊石頭,石頭落下來會砸到廢棄的房屋或土地。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">Grace Lee Boggs</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、敗亡中的城市---從資本的觀點</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 百年來,號稱為美國汽車之城,也是當代資本主義工業資本之生產製造業起源地的底特律市,已於2013年7月18日正式申請破產保護。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在剛好一百年前的1914年,亨利.福特在這裡設立第一個福特汽車生產線(即日後</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">成為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">生產流程管理濫觴之「福特主義」),第一個鋪設水泥公路和建成城市高速公路的城市。歷經五十年後的1963年,底特律躍升為全球最大製造業中心(包括其與汽車相關的相關產業)。在當時,底特律人口約有185萬人,是全美第三大都市。但如今,底特律人口已銳減到68萬餘人、空屋率至少四成以上、全市失業率高達18.3%(比全美平均值高出一倍有餘)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 人口持續減少、失業率的大幅飆升,反映了底特律汽車工業的不振、政府稅收的遽降。自過去五年以來,底特律的財產稅收入已減少了19.7%。但底特律的人均課稅負擔,卻是在密歇根州各城市中最高的。底特律的企業所得稅率常年維持在百分之四十的高位(約為週邊其他小城之2倍多),而且底特律是密西根州內唯一還徵收水電消費稅的城市。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 政府稅收一旦大幅減少,其直接的後果就是以下駭人的現實:在2013年,「底特律有40%的路燈和三分之二的救護車是故障而無預算維修,報警後平均58分鐘警察才能做出回應(全美平均值為11分鐘)」;而自2008年以來,市內半數公園已關閉。在2012年,「底特律的暴力犯罪比率在所有人口逾20萬的美國城市中是最高的,其整體犯罪率則相當於全美平均值的五倍」!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從經濟面、社會面來看,底特律市顯然早已病入膏肓,難以正常運作,而其最後爆發的城市財政破產,不過是落後指標。據報導,底特律在去年七月中旬提出破產保護申請前,在五月時其及期債務(現金缺口)約為1.6億美元,而上年度財政赤字為3.26億。但問題是,其財政赤字是長期趨勢,這短期赤字債額只會不斷增加:「目前底特律市每一美元的財政收入,都將有38美分用於償債,到2017年,這一數字還將上升到65美分」,到了2017年,其財政赤字將由目前的3.26億飆漲到13億!不論是3億或13億,都只是當下的債務,若清算其中長期債務(即其所有資產與負債之差額),則目前底特律債額高達185億美元。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所謂破產保護,乃是底特律市政府向法院申請在此重整階段,暫緩其債權人向其要求清償債務、拍賣抵押品等,而讓底特律市政府與各債權人一一談判,重新調整債務或協商出新的還款方案。換句話說,這些債權人的權益並非平等的,而有其主次先後之分。那麼,誰會是受害者?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這185億中70餘億,將可由來自於底特律市目前還有獲利盈餘的大型賭場、發電廠利潤來扣抵。但這兩大獲利來源,早就被當初借款的各大銀行,在簽訂借款契約中明訂為債務擔保清償的抵押保證。而剩下的約110億壞帳,其中約有90億元是市府員工與其退休者的退休與醫保基金(無備用基金支持的養老金債務總額為35億美元、醫療保險債務總額為57億美元),這些都是毫無擔保抵押來清償。也就是說,這些基層公務員的退休老本恐怕將隨同這次破產而一併泡湯了!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 事實上,在申請破產保護的同時,底特律宣佈「在一個月內關閉23所公立學校,同時裁掉600多名教師,有7500名兒童將因此失學」。而在這次破產最後爆發前一年多,該市超過一半工會同意削減薪資,為市府結餘6800萬元,到了前年七月時,當時市長又進一步強制削減工人一成收入。但這些以犧牲受薪者權益為代價的措施,終久無法扭轉財政虧空、走上破產的結局。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、資本的空間或社群的空間?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。底特律今日的破產,其根本的結構性原因早就於五十餘年前就已經存在,只是過去一昧以債養債,如今整個體制再也支撐不了長期的惡性循環,才爆發這破產惡果。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 也就是說,底特律市府之所以會入不敷出,直接原因是:不僅是汽車產業已難撐大局,更關鍵的是,其市民整體結構絕大多數都非能刺激消費、帶動市內經濟欣榮的中產階級。目前的底特律市(面積約370平方英里)的68萬居民居然高達九成是非洲裔、低收入或無業者居多,而其周圍十個郡市,所謂大底特律市郊區,約有430萬居民則九成為白人。<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">換句話說,這城市與郊區的顯著差異,幾乎是實質上的種族隔離!</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這種族上的生活隔離,肇始於1967年美國民權運動風起雲湧的年代,在當年由於底特律市非洲裔青年、工人的街頭騷動抗議種族歧視,引起白人居民開始大幅遷出,非洲裔居民大量遷入。在大量非洲裔居民為選民的現實下,底特律市於1974年選出了第一位非洲裔市長,科爾曼·楊(Coleman
Young),任職直到1993年。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 楊市長是有強烈左翼色彩、工會背景,頗有群眾魅力的非洲裔領袖,但他在任的近二十年裡,也不過是一方面執行配合三大汽車大企業收購公共用地,將老社區重整的政策。另一方面,在當時市府財政尚稱寬裕的年代裡,楊市長也提高公共交通建設、挹注公立教育、辦理工會、公務員的退休基金等公共支出之社福政策。但即使如此,在他晚年的自傳中,也悲嘆的總結,底特律由於白人中產階級的大量遷出,這城市在大多數無專業教育技能、無工作或低薪的非洲裔居民組合下,基本上已無翻身的可能。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 事實上,在今日,底特律市內居然只有一條不到三英里的捷運(約十五分鐘就繞行一圈),而在2009年,底特律公立學校學生在全國性數學測驗成績敬陪末座,甚至有三分之一的學生無法高中畢業!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 總的來說,擁有專業技能、有中產階級生活方式與中階水平收入者(他們恰恰都以白人居多!)撤離後,美國的資本實際上也已逐步撤離底特律市了:三大汽車企業只有通用汽車總部還留在市區內,而在生產線上,市區內只有克萊斯勒和通用各有一個裝配廠在運轉。其餘實際作業、衛星工廠等都早已移至郊區的周圍郡市。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這些居住於郊區的白人中產階級,大概只有在底特律著名的職棒老虎隊比賽時,才會開車回到市區內的老虎隊球場觀看比賽(平均一張約40美元)。據統計,老虎隊這幾年每場觀眾平均有3萬7千人,在美國三十個職棒球隊中排名第七,但這些消費者當然不會是市區內非洲裔居民,而是周圍郡市的白人。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 總結來說,底特律的城市經濟在許多方面(但非全部)反映了當前全球資本主義的縮影與規律。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 從資本運作的角度來說,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">資本不會跟著一般人來流動,而只會跟著擁有利潤來源(勞動力或消費能力)人來流動。</b>而隨著全球資本主義越加發展,這種掌握利潤標靶的精準度、切割度就越加犀利:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">凡是沒有利潤的人群聚集之處,不管是否是白人或有多少人,資本就只會撤離;相反的,只要那一個地點是利潤之所在</b>(如有人願意買票觀看的老虎隊比賽),<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">即使在處於形同廢墟之城內,也照樣會有資本到位運作。</b>所以,對於資本企業來說,在他們的資本地圖裡,底特律市是實質消亡了,可以一筆抹去,但同時其周圍的十郡市只要還有眾多的專業技能者提供可剝削的勞動力、可交易的消費力,那就繼續投資,而當地就繁榮可期。所以,底特律破不破產,對資本家來說,其實是毫無重大關係。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 但,問題是:<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">從人的角度來說,</b>底特律當地被資本棄絕而去的68萬居民,政府已無能再提供基本的人身保護、就業與教育的保障時,又該如何呢?<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">資本可以逃離以免虧損,但這些弱勢者能走到哪裡?他們的下一步呢?他們的下一代呢?他們如何生活,而且踐行一個有意義、有尊嚴的生活呢?</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 本文不僅是呈顯一個荒謬而悲哀的城市破產故事,更重要的是,我們更應在這無邊黑暗中看到一絲絲光明。而這光明,絕非主觀幻想而是一個活生生的左翼傳奇故事的開始:即本文下篇要介紹討論,一位已在底特律當地從事社區工作與政治抗爭達半世紀的美國左翼、民權鬥士、社區工作者(且有一半華裔血統)的葛雷絲.李.波格斯(
Grace Lee Boggs)。我們將討論,她歷經了傳統革命左翼、民權運動的歷練後,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">如何反璞歸真在這被資本離棄之地,扎根社區基層來號召說:這就是美國左翼的新生機與新出發點。</b></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-37318433133267668022013-12-20T07:43:00.000+08:002013-12-20T07:44:38.718+08:00美國觀察之六:工時<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">█</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳方隅</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ”對於美國的「超高工時」,學者提出的解釋最主要是「文化、歷史、社會準則」,例如歐洲人比較注重休閒娛樂、美國人比較不重視家庭生活、比較不喜歡出門逛街、對於工作有較高的狂熱等。事實上這些解釋都不一定說得通,我想沒有人天生就是愛工作而不渡假....。”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 筆者目前於美國留學,藉此專題版面對美國生活的各方面狀況提出一些觀察紀錄,主要依據為個人見聞。本文主要討論美國人的工時。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">剛進學校時參加了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">TA</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(教學助理)說明會,在基本的簡介後,馬上就有人來介紹「助理工會」。過去十年,他們成功地爭取到調漲薪資、健康保險、壓低工時(每週上限</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時);前年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與學校談判,將薪資發放改為每兩週一次,明訂禁止拖延。當然,並非所有學校都有助理工會,但是對照台灣,目前僅台大於本學期甫成立工會。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國人對「工作」、「工時」的態度跟台灣不太一樣,台灣很多老闆好像覺得加班是天經地義,員工也只能「吞下去」。但我覺得美國人的工時觀念很清楚,一切就是「依法行政」,時間到了就要下班;而台灣的勞基法關於工時規定根本形同具文,「責任制」變成常態,違反工時規定一來沒什麼單位會執法檢查,二來罰則極輕。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)事實上,根據勞基法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">84</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條之</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,適用責任制的行業及工作者均有明文規定,其中製造業(尤其是科技業)並不適用,而且超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人以上的公司還</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需「報請主管機關核備並公開揭示後施行</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之。」不過,很多人都戲稱勞委會的別稱為資委會,所以遵守勞基法好像也就不是這麼重要了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國人的工作輕鬆乎?瘋狂乎?</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在美國時還會遇到一些不一樣的「假期」,我想知道美國人是否放比較多假、工時是不是比較低,結果上網蒐尋到的資料竟然都是在討論「為什麼美國人的工時比歐洲高這麼多」。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)事實上似乎也沒有高很多,根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">資料庫、台灣的主計處等資料來看,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年受僱者平均每年工時:美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1787</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時,與日本相當(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1728</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),英國、芬蘭、瑞典等國皆在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1600</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1700</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時區間,法國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1476</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時,資料庫中最低的是德國(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1413</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、荷蘭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1379</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對於美國的「超高工時」,學者提出的解釋最主要是「文化、歷史、社會準則」,例如歐洲人比較注重休閒娛樂、美國人比較不重視家庭生活、比較不喜歡出門逛街、對於工作有較高的狂熱等。事實上這些解釋都不一定說得通,我想沒有人天生就是愛工作而不渡假(如果有假可以放的話)。而且,根據自身觀察到的結果,美國人很重視在工作之餘來個身心放鬆,週五晚上開派對是常態,為慶祝一週結束,所以三五好友聚在一起喝酒聊天是應該的。另外,每當有足球賽、籃球賽舉行的時候,更是「一大清早」就開始烤肉、喝酒,在自家車庫、花園就「開趴」,一路喝到下午或晚上才去看比賽。我參加過一些當地特別的活動,例如建鎮週年紀念遊行、每年一次的校友回校遊行等,都是全家大小一起出動;遊行內容並不是最重要,重點是朋友家人們可以藉此機會一起出遊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">handout</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。在一些有職業運動比賽的地方更是如此,看比賽是「生活」的一部份。同時,美國的各個商家有很多因應不同節日的促銷活動,也很流行長途旅行。當然,忙碌的研究生可能無福享受工作不帶回家、假日一定要休息這樣的行程安排,而且上述觀察並不是在大都市,或許繁忙的城市工作型態會有所不同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與歐洲相比,較合理的解釋是從工作誘因來看。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)學者指出美國的工時與「薪資級別差異」息息相關,努力工作才較有機會獲得薪資級別的提升。再加上,美國的各項保險、社會福利不像歐洲那樣完善,保費、學費都非常貴,所以個人傾向於延長工時以賺取更多的報酬(不管是為了自己或為了下一代);或者用以提升個人產值而避免失去工作,而歐洲對於勞動者的保護程度是較高的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至於亞洲國家的工時呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年台灣年均工時高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2144</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時,只比新加坡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2402</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、香港、印度及墨西哥(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2300</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時)低,就連韓國的工時也在這年「黃金交叉」而低於台灣。德國人每週平均工作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時,台灣人每週平均工作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">40</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時,但德國的人均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是我們的兩倍半。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">根據主計處</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人力資源調查」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣去年有將近四成六的勞工(近四百萬人)工時超過法定上限,其中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">13%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(總數超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">110</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勞</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">每兩週的工作時數至少超時逾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時、全年超時工作超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">312</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時。美國人工時比歐洲高二至三百小時就已經叫做瘋狂,那亞洲國家該用什麼形容詞來描述超長工時的現象呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">工會式微影響勞工權益</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上,影響工作條件與薪資的關鍵因素,除了正式的法規、執法的嚴謹程度之外、薪資誘因之外,還有一個重要因素在於「工會」。近年來美國勞工加入工會組織率持續減少,從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1950</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代三分之一、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代五分之一,到現在大約僅十分之一;公部門員工加入工會比例有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">37%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,私人企業員工僅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為會員。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)工會勢力減弱,主要是經過了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1980</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代新自由主義意識型態的鼓吹、工會自身的組織問題,以及各式各樣限縮工會力量的法案。例如筆者所在的密西根州,在共和黨議員主導下,於去年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)十二月通過「工作權」法案,取消勞工必須加入工會並繳納會費的義務,且讓沒有加入工會或未支付會費的勞工也可以享有相同的薪資和福利,嚴格限制全州工會受資助的方式。共和黨聲稱這是「解放勞工」、「招引商機」的作法,目前已有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">州實行類似法案,其結果就是工會力量進一步減弱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">很多人會有疑問:為什麼影響勞工權益甚鉅的法案會不斷通過,保護勞工的法案卻一直無法出爐?我認為這就是所謂美式「民主」的特色:金錢攻勢。大資本家有錢可以影響政治人物,因為選舉時很需要錢,尤其是廣告及文宣費用;選上了之後就必須保護這些有錢人的利益。而且大公司每年通常都花費大量金錢在「遊說」上面,大部份的人民團體卻無法投入這麼多的資源影響決策。已有許多實證資料美國的「不平等民主」以及「贏者全拿的政治」是如何偏向少數人的利益,而忽略了所謂的中產階級。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐洲國家的工作條件主要是由工會和資方談判的結果,以「團體協約」的方式訂定薪資、工時等條件。所有企業工會中達成團體協約的比例,歐陸多數國家超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">70</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%(所涵蓋的勞工比例甚至可能高達九成,<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),不過英國僅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">47</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%,而美國和日本僅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">%左右。工作條件的惡化可以從兩項數據看出端倪。首先,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1990-2000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2000-2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之間製造業勞動生產力指數及每小時產值都呈現上升,但是單位勞動成本分別下降</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.4%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(歐洲數據多半為上升)。勞工抗議事件慢慢浮現,例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年十月在加州爆發沃爾瑪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walmart</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)員工上街抗議惡劣工作環境及低薪,並且蔓延至超過一百個城市。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至於台灣呢?說來傷感情,全台灣只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">66</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家工會與資方簽訂團體協約,佔產業工會數的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。(同註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1990-2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩個十年間每工時產出分別增加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但是單位勞動成本分別是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">+0.2%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">-4.5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,尤其</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2009-10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年更是離譜的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">-10.7%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這一年生產力指數年增率為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.24%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、經濟成長率為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.76%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)也就是說,許多企業在經濟不好時要勞工共體時艱,經濟好時推說大環境不佳、要脅政府減稅及鬆綁法規,不然就要出走。國民生產毛額(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)增加,勞工荷包反而扁了,政府官員應該很自豪創下經濟學的新台灣奇蹟。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">保護勞工才能活絡經濟</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣許多經濟政策也受到美式新自由主義價值觀的影響,總是首重勞動彈性、降低各項環境與租稅成本等手段,例如最近規劃的「自由經濟示範區」重點即放寬外勞限制、鬆綁薪資規定、提供租稅優惠等。值得思考的是,這些措施「或許」可以增加投資金額或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等表面數字,但實際上獲益的是誰?留下的成本又是由誰來承擔呢?政府不保護勞工,則勞工的工作條件愈來愈差、實質薪資不進反退,造成的後果就是:整體消費力降低而使經濟表現繼續低迷,人才流失、貧富差距擴大及各種社會問題;而且,許多企業根本就不思長進,反正不需要技術升級也能靠著壓榨勞工而賺飽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府官員及大老闆們大概都忽視一個重要的關鍵:身心健康的勞工是提升產值、提升全民幸福感的重要關鍵之一。美式風格就是大部份事情必須自己負責,所以讓美國人覺得自己好像必須延長工作時間;台灣員工則是多做也不一定能拿到多一點的薪水或是其他保障(例如派遣工作的問題,加上法規保護不足)。歐洲的做法是規定很多假期。例如以瑞典來說,每年有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">天節慶假期,工作滿半年的雇員,每年夏天還享有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">週的帶薪休假,雇主及雇員皆不得違法放棄。每個小孩八歲之前父母還有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個月可領至少八成薪水的親子假(其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個月一定得由父親來請)。這些「帶薪」假期有助紓解工作壓力、增進家庭和睦,成就企業的高效率和競爭力。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)想想台灣,我們的政府官員還大讚企業實施「無薪假」;基本工資要不就是十年都不漲,就算要漲也總是被大企業帶頭擋,一次就只非常微幅調整,好像多付一點點工資企業就會倒閉似的;然後,媒體也成天報導企業老闆抱怨年輕人是草莓族,事實上最草莓的就是這些只會壓榨勞工的企業。看看北歐國家,照顧勞工才是經濟成長的妙方!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小結</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得美國人工時短又薪資高,但美國人覺得自己與歐洲相比簡直是工作狂。只能說「人外有人,天外有天」。未來若政治制度沒有作重大改變的話,這樣的狀況仍然會繼續惡化下去。(<span style="color: red;">註</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(作者為「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:台大近年由學生積極籌組工會,但是地方政府主管機關直接否定學校跟學生有「雇用關係」,校方也將助學金定位為獎勵性質,而非「勞動」與「薪資」。在校務會議中校方更表示助學金應調整為獎勵性質,以「避免學生被課稅」。事實上,每名研究生每月三至六千元不等的金額,寒暑假也無法領取,遠遠低於年所得課程門檻。學生最大的要求其實僅為「準時發放」,但校方還試圖將每學期總是延遲在開學兩個月後才發放助學金的現象明文規定化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:請參考陳方隅,〈說好的依法行政呢(上)〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/11/1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tito Boeri et al. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Working Hours and Job Sharing in the EU and
USA: are Europeans lazy? or Americans crazy?</i> <span style="color: red;">New
York: Oxford University Press</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Linda Bell and Richard
Freeman. 2001. "Working Hard." <span style="color: red;">In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Working Time in Comparative Perspective:
Patterns, Trends, and the Policy Implications of Earnings Inequality and
Unemployment, Vol. 1</i>, Ging Wong, and Garnett Picot, eds. pp. 71–105.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈美國工會成員持續減少〉,《美國之音》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/1/23</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;〈芝城教師大罷工:一把筷子折不斷〉,《美國之音》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/9/14</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larry
Bartels, 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Unequal Democracy.</i> <span style="color: red;">New York: Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University
Press.</span> Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson, 2010, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Winner-Take-All Politics</i>. <span style="color: red;">New York: Simon
& Schuster.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈資方阻撓</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">團體協約形同虛設〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/4/25</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;〈美人工時比歐人長,休假卻少?〉聯合人力網。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:沃爾瑪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walmart</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為全球最大的百貨物流公司、最大的私人僱主,營業額高居世界所有公司前三名。罷工相關新聞請參閱〈衛報週評:沃爾瑪首次罷工:美國工人開始覺醒〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/10/6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:數據主要參閱勞委會,《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年勞動情勢統計要覽》;勞委會,《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">101</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年國際勞動統計》。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈社論〉,《國語日報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/6/19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:例如更公平的選舉制度、監督機制。請參考陳方隅,〈說好的依法行政呢(下)〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/11/15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-55515935622935572162013-12-20T07:15:00.001+08:002013-12-20T07:15:19.926+08:00史諾登事件與全球階級政治的再現<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">█姚欣進</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ”階級的統治權力是無所不在的,只是它平日只會以隱匿於大眾消費、符碼互動、程序流動之中。一句話,階級政治從未消失,只是它在今日相對開放、富裕的全球物質與統治基礎上,平日不會以赤裸裸的階級壓迫方式來展示其統治;只有在統治危機的關鍵時刻裡,就會圖窮匕見,表現其階級統治的真面目。”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ----編者按 </span><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">前言</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">自史諾登於今年六月初公開揭發美國國家安全局對於全球網路資訊的秘密監控,而遠奔海外、滯留於俄羅斯機場,於今已有一個月餘。目前,此事件還在僵持中。關於此事件的相關內容,各方已有相當深入、多元角度的報導,本文就不再贅述;本文將以評論,而非報導,的角度來討論此事件所反映的三個層面議題,以期能從左翼的觀點來論析當前全球化的階級政治本質。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、全球化的政治</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當代研究全球網絡經濟的社會學者,柯司特(Manuel Castells),針對全球資本主義的運作建構時,曾指出世界資本主義之所以在今日須以「全球化」來描述,關鍵在於:資本主義在今日是史無前例地全方位地在技術規格、資本流動(包括金流、物流與人流)上緊密結合為有機整體,而且是及時性地跨越空間、時間乃至於文化傳統的差異區隔。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這說法,在今日已是普通常識了,但反映在全球政治舞台上,卻饒有深意。在什麼意義下,我們可以說:全球各國的政治統治權力會緊密結合起來,一起掌控其核心利益?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">也就是說,以傳統左翼的說法來看,如果今日資本主義已是日益全球化的運作,這就意味著全球資產階級既得利益者已在全球資本的脈絡上結合起來,從而能在全球範圍上運作其階級政治,在全球政治脈絡上來壓制無產階級勞動者。但所謂階級政治的真實面貌,早已在資本主義統治精英的全球衝突制度化的精緻操控下,以無所不在的消費主義、後現代意識形態的逃逸生活態度、相對有效地社會福利救濟等手段侵蝕、轉化過去左右分明的階級壓迫。在日常生活經驗中,大多數的一般勞動者是難以深刻感受或直接體會到階級壓迫、階級政治的直接粗暴宰制。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">事實上,在當今人類歷史上空前發展的全球資本主義物質基礎上,所謂「階級政治」似乎已非一般民眾之政治現實經驗要素。但史諾登事件所引起的全球各國的反應,卻活生生地重新展示了今日全球階級政治的面貌。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在史諾登滯留俄國機場時,玻利維亞總統剛好在俄國開會,會議結束後由於美國政府懷疑其總統座機私載史諾登而要求法國、義大利、西班牙及葡萄牙不准其座機飛越其領空,迫其降落在奧地利機場,然後居然由奧地利官員上飛機搜索史諾登是否在場!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這種行為不僅反映了美國政府的霸權橫蠻嘴臉,而且其他被要求配合的歐洲各國居然一依照辦,完全不顧國際公法、蔑視他國的主權(依國際公法相關規範,各國航空器在國外就是該國的領土範圍,更何況是總統座機),就是為了要滿足美國政府的統治利益。上述這些國家都有悠遠的歐洲人權傳統,尤其是法國政府的執政黨還是號稱為社會民主派的社會黨,為何卻如此放棄基本人權價值立場,來配合美國政府呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、全球化的階級政治</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 答案很簡單。首先,史諾登所揭密的乃是攸關美國統治階層之根本利益,即被這些統治階層所掌控的國家機器之核心統治武器。一旦美國政府的統治安全有了漏洞、一旦這核心統治基礎有了些許動搖,則這統治階層當然就顧不得「人權」、「法治」,而要劍及履及立即撲滅這火種;在這統治危機時刻,最有效、最直接的鎮壓方式就是唯一的選擇,而人權、法治不過是在承平時代的「衝突制度化」的統治操控技倆而已。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其次,為何其他歐洲國家願意如此配合美國呢?因為這些國家統治階層在全球資本主義的核心利益上與美國政府是一致的,若有利益衝突,也頂多是利益分配多少問題。一旦他們明瞭,史諾登所觸動的是代表全球統治核心最敏感的中樞神經之國家安全,這問題不解決就會動搖到全球資本的掌控基礎,他們又怎會不配合呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 更何況被他們抵制、違法搜索飛機的國家,也正是他們過去曾殘酷統治的殖民地政府,如今也正艱苦地棲身於全球資本網絡的邊緣上,又何須在意呢?</span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-22062802811600733692013-12-20T06:55:00.000+08:002013-12-20T06:57:01.345+08:00揭開平凡幸福的序幕---簡介「花東合作事業方案」<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">█潘欣榮</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ”花東地區,若能籌組「合作事業發展與創業中心」,透過草根性的合作事業教育推廣,配合由下而上的經濟規劃及專業輔導,重視合作金融與各類合作事業,穩定的在地經濟角色,強化經濟、社會、文化和教育功能,則能創造大量的「社員集體的社會型企業家」,成為花東永續發展的碁石。”</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ----編者按</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">高雄高等行政法院<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月<span lang="EN-US">8</span>日裁定,台東美麗灣渡假村停工,然而消息傳到部落卻是正反意見參半,支持美麗灣的刺桐部落頭目楊再福認為:「刺桐部落因為沒有工作機會,導致年輕人外流,部落只剩下老人和小孩,然而,美麗灣已錄取<span lang="EN-US">90</span>位員工、有<span lang="EN-US">50</span>人上班,所以支持美麗灣,部落才會有發展!」<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">相對的,反美麗灣的抗爭者清楚的控訴讓美麗灣非法營運後,更多的投資開發案伺機而動,而族人雖獲得工作,但卻失去部落中人與人、人與海洋的臍帶聯繫,這樣賣地求生的工作不會長久、遑論尊嚴。但這說法卻難以對抗「有(工作)總比沒有好」的簡單現實論述。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">於是支持、反對者反覆的交戰,其彼此的矛盾已道破今日台灣環境抗爭過程中,最重要且急迫的挑戰不是來自政府、財團,而是如何說服與抗爭者比鄰而居的鄉親。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">面對中央政府無作為、地方政府和財團勾結,在地運動者固然需要抗爭以減緩破壞的速度,但如果無法提出另一套建設性、具體可解決肚皮生計問題的新經濟發展模式,那麼,台灣東部的海岸、或西部的良田,都將被財團見縫插針、鯨吞蠶食。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">然而,除了資本主義的野蠻開發外,我們或許還有另一條發展道路,一條藉著東部發展條例的預算,提供部落在互助合作組織之基礎上,以共同經營方法謀族人經濟之利益與生活之改善的出路。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">合作是需要學習的<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">《花東地區發展條例》自立法院通過已整整<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年,其中規範<span lang="EN-US">10</span>年<span lang="EN-US">400</span>億的基金,將逐年撥付來建設花蓮。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">而該條例第一條的立法理由中載明「花東地區之發展應重視公益事業及合作事業」,所以在主婦聯盟生活消費合作社等在地團體</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">的積極奔走、連署提案後,<span style="background: white;">行政院</span></span><em><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">花東地區發展推動小組審查後,委由內政部社會司合作事業輔導科主責規劃</span></em><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「推動花東合作事業,強化地方產業發展方案」(以下簡稱「花東合作事業方案」),來推動花東合作事業,以下摘錄方案計畫,簡介如下:<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">具體來說,合作事業之事業成功有賴「由下而上」當地人參與之區域整體經濟規劃,如此規劃,可將在地知識<span lang="EN-US">(Local Knowledge )</span>有效納入經濟規劃中。其主要精神在於以鄉鎮為單位,進行<b>跨社之鄉級發展計劃,如聯合採購以降低成本、生產整合與調度、加工再製</b>等。並依各鄉級經濟規劃為基礎,進行跨鄉之縣級經濟規劃,其內容包含共同需求及市場分析、合作金融、供應鏈合作規劃等。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">合作社的本質,就是<b>弱勢者結合有限的人力、物力,共同經營,以滿足社員共同需求的事業體</b>,其目的不在追求營利,而在增進社員及所在社區的經濟社會福祉,具有共同出資、共同經營及共同分享的組織特色,是創造在地美好生活的優良企業模式。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">在花東地區,若能<b>籌組「合作事業發展與創業中心」</b>,透過<b>草根性的合作事業教育推廣,配合由下而上的經濟規劃及專業輔導,重視合作金融與各類合作事業,穩定的在地經濟角色,強化經濟、社會、文化和教育功能</b>,則能創造大量的「社員集體的社會型企業家」,成為花東永續發展的碁石。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">而此系列教育推廣,將先以訪談、舉辦正式與非正式之地產業論壇展開,並研析花東產業特性並研擬花東合作事業發展之策略與規劃。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">其次,需整理、翻譯國內外相關合作事業發展、教育等文獻,或引入國外以發展完成之合作事業教育體系<span lang="EN-US">(</span>如西班牙曼德拉貢大學、委內瑞拉務實的合作社的遊戲教育<span lang="EN-US">)</span>進行學習交流。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">緊接著研發在地化、適合花東地區之合作事業教育教材與教學方法,並且結合在地產業,建立學員實習管道,發展合作事業教育認證系統。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">當然,為了解決現實的生計、生存問題,這些教育絕不能是紙上談兵,所以針對已有合作經濟雛型的夥伴,協助做知識系統的建立,並建立<span lang="EN-US">SOP</span>。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">另方面,對於有意願將經營體由私人轉為合作社的夥伴,則給予成立在地合作事業之「市場、財務、設備、人力」等評估分析與規劃。並依在地討論之規劃,進行客製化課程安排,提昇準社員之專業能力;遴選合適之幹部,成立合作事業籌備處。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">並逐步協助取得融資、補助與設備,再發展各類合作事業包括農業合作事業、消費合作事業、「校園員生消費、理貨、勞動、利用、運銷、服務、住宅」等多元的合作事業。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">留住人才是成功關鍵<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">因為相信人才是創造價值的根源,所以合作事業必須積極思考如何留住人才。在初期,人力會以同心圓的方式,分成「主辦單位的核心師資、種籽師資、學員或準社員」三個層次。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">而第二年開始開辦合作事業教育種籽教師培訓,兩縣第一批各培訓<span lang="EN-US">15</span>名來自各鄉鎮之種籽教師。並且開始於各鄉鎮舉辦合作事業培訓認證課程。受訓人員經過一定時數課程、檢核、實習後則可取得認證。建議政府機構在核發微型貸款、薪資補助時,優先考慮擁有合作證照人員。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">動態的階段發展<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">更有趣的是,早年的社會運動往往是知識份子動腦、農民動手的二元切分,但根據台灣農村陣線的訪調報告、以及筆者近<span lang="EN-US">2</span>年在花蓮的觀察,都看到「向土地學習」不僅是知識份子學習農民的傳統智慧。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">更伴隨著網路、教育的普及,促使農民幹部與知識份子的角色,極可能在「核心師資、種籽師資、學員或準社員」間動態的流動。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">舉例來說,在花蓮光復的邦查農場、瑞穗富興生態農場的農場經理,其本身不僅對生態、有機技術,有著能和東華大學教授對話合作的能力,更能將企業管理的精神,揉入部落人與人的互助價值中</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,更遑論用<span lang="EN-US">EXCEL</span>等軟體製作生產計畫表,精準推算播種、移苗、收成的日期。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">對於長期得以在資本主義中生存的微型經濟經營者來說,生存就是一切,除非對土地、農村感興趣的大學生、或外地來的「飄鳥族」農民等廣義的知識分子,能在實踐中提出讓技術型農民幹部感興趣、務實的新東西(如:將其既有技術再發揚、並創造社會價值),否則脫離現實的想法,都將在實踐或理性溝通過程中被淘汰。這是一種知識分子和農民在創意上的良性競爭,也是推動合作事業前進的關鍵驅力。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">但這並不代表知識分子沒有價值,相對的,技術型農民幹部(種籽教師),有時不易直接成為合作經濟的同心圓核心,相對的,他需要一個橋樑的角色,不斷的轉譯、灌輸合作經濟的整體圖像,並與技術型幹部的實踐經驗相映證。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">挑戰:利潤高,資本家就來了<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">當然,合作事業的發展的初期,勢必仍在資本主義市場經濟底下和私人資本競爭,然而誠如目前台灣東、西部友善土地農民的共同困境,很難突破運銷的高成本、或被大盤商(販仔)壟斷的現實。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">未來就算成立合作事業,只要有超額利潤,勢必會吸引財團禿鷹前來分食市場。正如同「主婦聯盟生活消費合作社」今日也得面對統一、永豐餘等有機財團的競爭,使得「用消費改變生活」的理想,必須面對社員阮囊羞澀、價格及便利性的現實掙扎。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">但危機可以是轉機,或許藉由「花東合作事業方案」所促成更多花東在地的中小型合作農場,可以與北部的消費者之間,除了用金錢採購農產外,更可充分落實「時間銀行」的理念,由消費者以專業技術換工、或團體採購等方式,以更低廉的價格取得農產,而農民也獲得生活或生產技術的提昇。這絕非空想,而是已具體實踐在前述在花蓮邦查、富興的兩個農場中。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">讓合作找幸福</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">在經濟動盪、日益複雜且令人困惑的時代,主婦聯盟合作社的「媽媽們」用簡樸、真誠的態度與生活,不僅用消費保障了飲食安全,更帶出一種能穩定家庭浮動心靈的價值。而今年他們更將這價值散播到全台,透過一系列『合作找幸福』的講座及工作坊,過去這樣的工作坊來的多是熟面孔,但現在卻有許多新夥伴。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">這讓人不禁推測不只是全球暖化的物理氣候變遷,可能連資本主義的經濟氣候,可能也將被合作事業的經濟民主制給換上新妝。就讓我們期待「花東合作事業方案」揭開這實驗的序幕,開展出一條讓消費者與生產者共同過好生活的道路、一條擁有平凡幸福的路。而邁向平凡有時並不簡單,所以還有許多方向、論點需要更深入的補充、發展,未來筆者將繼續透過此專欄來討論。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">連署單位:中華進步利用協會、主婦聯盟生活消費合作社、主婦聯盟環境保護基金會、台灣公共化協會、地球公民基金會、花蓮樸門永續生活協會、味萬田食品股份有限公司、中華民國儲蓄互助協會、幸福花東促進會、卡塔文化工作室。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">本段節錄自:</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年主婦聯盟合作社『合作找幸福』講座&工作坊媒體新聞稿。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">詳見「從蘇花高到美麗灣,談環境抗爭邁向合作經濟的可能性」</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-125243">http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-125243</a></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-23369494022791879662013-12-20T06:18:00.000+08:002013-12-20T06:57:01.348+08:00合作經濟的內涵與機制:合作社或主流的「社會企業」?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> ”合作社經濟是一方面能實質上增加社會生產力,有其客觀經濟效益,另一方面,則有其社會效益,例如提供安穩的就業機會、降低失業率,而且由於其整體運作是以社員權益為根本,透過互助合作方式來共同成長,所以合作經濟對於社區、弱勢者的幫助,乃是無可取代的機制。”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">台灣過去台代的市場經濟機制正常運作下,只要經濟持續成長,就會帶來各種正面社會效益,年輕人不怕找不到工作,不會沒有職場成功機會;中年人可以重新創業、發展事業第二春;弱勢者、偏遠地區民眾可到都市辛苦打拼賺錢寄回老家等。一個正面成長的市場經濟就會帶來良性的社會生活發展---但這正面循環,在近十年來顯然已難以繼續了,未來也似乎看不到新希望。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">正是在這市場失靈、政府失能的極端嚴峻局勢下,台灣主流精英者開始警覺到這危機趨勢,籌謀因應之策。而這答案就是近年來,開始不斷出現在主流媒體,許多知識份子琅琅上口的「社會企業」。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">相對於以追求私人資本利益一般公司企業來說,市場經濟若能發展出社會企業固然是有正面意義,但若從翻轉資本主義根本性質,來追求一個合乎公義與經濟效益的新經濟模式的角度來看,筆者認為目前所提倡的社會企業,其實是為德不卒。目前所謂的社會企業,不僅基本保留了私人資本、僱用勞動的基本屬性,而且在邁向公義社會的新經濟模式上,還不如以經濟民主制為本的合作社企業。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本文將簡要分析這兩種經濟體型態的區別,並釐清為何合作社才是較適合邁向左翼者經濟民主制的企業組織。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、合作經濟的五大要素</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">過去幾年來,筆者曾一再指出:今後對於台灣左翼運動者的真正挑戰,不在於重複批判現實資本主義之市場經濟重大缺失與危機,或宣揚社會主義社經體制的基本理念(雖然這些都很重要),而在於如何以一個小規模,甚至有相當局限性,但卻是能實際運作的經濟機制,來證明一個沒有私人資本利益為前提的互助合作經濟生活是可行的,更是可欲的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">筆者(以及台灣公共化協會的其他夥伴們)陸續引介、評論了合作經濟的基本模式以及其成功的例證。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">筆者所倡導的合作經濟,乃是以「經濟民主制」為其根本前提(上位概念),並在實際運作上表現出五點要素。即,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(一)在經濟決策上是:民主決策,一人一票,人人平等;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(二)在勞動管理上,則應是自主管理(雖有專業管理階層,但卻必須有相應的工會來平等監督);</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(三)而在勞動成果分配上(即盈餘、利潤),應是以按勞分配為原則(即做出多少成績,得到多少報酬)但輔之以公義價值來考量(即並不盡然以工作成果來分配,而考慮到相對弱勢勞動者的不利條件或額外需求,而在一定程度上,不平等地多予分配)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這按勞以及公義分配的原則,帶出了非常關鍵的第四點:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(四)參與這合作經濟組織的成員,不僅僅是出資入社而已,而必須同時是該經濟組織的勞動者之一。也就是說,在合作經濟組織內,沒有資本的僱用勞動之生產關係(有人出資來僱用沒有資本但有勞動力的勞動者來從事勞動生產),而是每個成員都是自己老闆,這生產關係乃是自我僱用。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">要做到上述四點,則其前提必須是:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(五)這經濟組織的所有權須為人人平等的分享,而非容許任何人以資本、才能來得到更多的所有權比例(如公司的股份制度,是以出資比例的多寡來決定其不同比例的利潤分享、不同比例的決策權)。換言之,這合作經濟組織必須是人人平等的出資,人人平等的擁有其所有權,這合作經濟體始能落實經濟民主。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、成功的合作經濟案例:蒙德拉貢合作社集團</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當前實際的經濟機制能表現出上述五點要素,就是合作社(但並非每一類型合作社或每一地區合作社均能符合上述五要素);而目前各國、各類型合作社組織表現近乎完美地符合這五要素的合作社,就是筆者曾多次介紹的西班牙巴斯克地區的蒙德拉貢合作社集團(Mondragon
Cooperative Corporation)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果這合作社組織(不論規模大小),能以此五要素來成功運作,那幾乎我們今日所習見的資本主義經濟大多數弊病都一掃而空。例如,由於組織所有成員人人都有平等的決策權與勞動者權益,其內部決策民主化與管理的自主化可獲得有力保障;而當合作社經營大環境不佳時,也不會有裁員情事發生,因為每個人都是社員;所以,除非自願退出,否則在原則上不會有解僱結果(也根本沒有僱用關係)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">但另一方面,這有內部平等、民主的合作經濟體,卻並不是一個讓大家只吃大鍋飯,績效很差的受政府政策保護的單位。合作社還是處身於市場經濟的激烈競爭中,所以一個經營良好的合作社企業,如蒙德拉貢,依然講求效率、業績,內部依然有其按勞分配的原則,也依然有企業經營的專業管理。所以,在蒙德拉貢雖然沒有僱用關係來解僱其社員,但其內部工作規章還是有工作態度、能力的要求,以保證其績效能有市場競爭力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所以,總體來說,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體;">合作社經濟是一方面能實質上增加社會生產力,有其客觀經濟效益,另一方面,則有其社會效益,例如提供安穩的就業機會、降低失業率,而且由於其整體運作是以社員權益為根本,透過互助合作方式來共同成長,所以合作經濟對於社區、弱勢者的幫助,乃是無可取代的機制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、主流媒體的社會企業</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 目前有許多富有公益愛心的專業者,包括曾在職場經營過企業或為高階企管者,或曾在海外、台灣偏遠地區當過志工服務的年輕人,因為公益價值觀以及自身專業素養、人脈資源等,開始逐漸集結、籌組、倡議各類型社會企業。而一直被台灣高失業率、為弱勢者工作機會所苦惱的勞委會更是樂觀這種新型態社會企業的興起,而開始擬議社會企業法草案,以在法令規章上催生這新型態的企業體,以期能多少解決台灣高失業、貧富不均等社經問題。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 但什麼是「社會企業」?未來可預見的有法律明確定義之社會企業能夠符合上述的經濟民主制嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 首先,在目前台灣法令規章中,商業組織大致可分為非營利與營利者,而合作社是前者,其餘就都是營利事業(包括獨資商號、合夥、有限、無限、兩合與股份有限公司等)。而目前所謂標榜為社會企業者,不過是在公司法所明定的公司須以營利為目的之外,自己在公司章程上再附加其他社會或公益責任而已。例如,筆者所知一家總部在南部的資訊產品流通大廠,就宣稱其公司會每年盈餘總額中提撥百分之二十來做公益,這就是台灣目前典型的社會企業之一了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 換言之,所謂社會企業的最寬鬆定義,就是在既有的私人資本之公司結構上,除了基本的營利目標外,另外增加了公益捐助額度,或增加了企業對社會責任事項(如環保之生產政策等),其餘一切不變。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其次,更進一步的社會企業標準是:創立這個公司以公益為主要目的,而營利乃是次要目的或甚至是手段,這也是目前許多有心倡導社會企業者所擬議的社會企業法之方向。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></sup></span></sup></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 在這些擬議中組織法令草案中,仍然是保留的股東制度、仍然是以資本僱用勞工為其生關係,並明言說,這類社會企業總目標是要在股東利益與社會公益中達到平衡而已。即使我們設想,未來這些社會企業體明定其所有利潤都作為公益(例如,台灣社福機構另行成立一家社會企業來將其利潤轉為社福資源),但其所僱用的勞動者依然是沒有平等決策權、管理權,依然不是經濟民主制的一部分。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">(台灣公共化協會成員) </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><sup><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></sup></span></sup></a>
<span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">參考聯合報一系列的社會願景工程的社會企業報導與分析:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";">http://vision.udn.com/sub_index.jsp?f_MAIN_ID=8</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";">[2]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";">
</span><span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";">潘欣榮,<從蘇花高到美麗灣</span><span style="font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";">
</span><span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";">談環境抗爭邁向合作經濟的可能性>,</span><span style="font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-ascii-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-hansi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";"><a href="http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-125243"><span style="color: #000099;">http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-125243</span></a></span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><經濟民主制的範例</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";">--</span><span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">蒙德拉貢合作企業公司></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";">
http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-98407</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><sup><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: #0400; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></sup></span></span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3"; mso-ascii-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">請參考社企流網站相關資訊:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "ヒラギノ角ゴ Pro W3";">
http://www.seinsights.asia/taxonomy/term/913</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: X-NONE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: #0400;"></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-68584286107810795452013-07-23T04:00:00.000+08:002013-07-23T04:00:02.047+08:00左翼的理性批判與宗教意識<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large;">”......宗教意識所關注之處,如何堅持當初的善念、如何將苦難視之為得之不易的成長、如何將犧牲視之為天上而來的祝福,這一切的一切,都不會在革命左翼論著中找到;而人性黑暗面的情節卻往往在革命左翼運動中如幽靈般的時隱時現。左翼運動當然是以徹底的理性批判起家,但它能依賴這理論與實踐理性而終其事嗎?筆者非常懷疑。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: large;">----編者按</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">前言</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 台灣公共化協會的成員以及朋友們,在這「新社會」專題版持續發表文章以來,一貫的論述方式、議題,都是典型的公共議題,包括各類社會議題、公共政策的論述討論。換言之,這是一個在公共論壇上討論公共議題的園地。但本文似乎與這專題版的一貫討論公共議題的宗旨不同,亦恐會與有公信力的立報辦報宗旨有所軒格。針對這些顧慮,需要先行釐清兩點。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">一、人生基本價值的終極關切</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 首先,台灣公共化協會是一個倡議、推動社會議題的公益性社會團體,而非任何意義下的宗教團體,我們內部的討論與外部的發言為文,都不會有任何的宗教活動性質(如宗教儀式、傳教等)。因此,在此專題版中的文章論述,雖是針對宗教主題來討論,但卻絕非是倡議某一特定宗教、進行某一特定宗教內部的議題論述(如基督教的聖靈說、佛教的因果論等)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其次,既然形式上,這篇文章並非是宗教性質的論述,那又如何在這公共論壇中討論宗教議題呢?實質上,我們不是仍舊以公共論述之名來行宗教論述之實嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 針對這質疑,我們應先嚴格區分宗教與宗教意識(或宗教的問題意識)。所謂</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">宗教意識,最簡樸的定義是:這是對於人世間根本問題之終極關切、對於現實世界之終極價值的探索。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這對人世終極問題(如人性善惡、生死、人生終極意義等)的探索,乃是貫穿世界各種宗教的問題意識,而各家門派宗教也各自提供了不同的特定答案與解決進路。而前者就是宗教問題意識,後者就是宗教了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 因此,我們之所以認為有必要討論宗教議題,並非是那一個特定宗教是我們要倡議的,而是說,在我們的公共生活裡,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">如果我們有基本的道德敏感性,則對於人世間基本價值的終極關切與迫切探索,對於自己或周遭夥伴們的困頓甚至是荒謬處境的茫然無助,我們都不能不去面對這樣的問題:善惡是如何判斷?我們的生活、行為何以成善?為何要追求善?道德善行有何意義?如果道德善行不必然帶來好的結果,那不僅道德善行難以圓融地自圓其說,而且更深刻反映了人世的現實世界其實荒謬而無意義,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">若是如此,那我們人生又有何意義?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這些沈重而嚴肅的問題,不僅是道德哲學的問題,更是宗教問題意識下的基本主題。本文以及今後會在本專題版發表有關宗教議題的討論,都會集中在這類宗教問題意識上來論述。一句話,我們的討論與其說是宗教議題,不如更是對人生基本價值的徹底反思與論辯。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">二、左翼為何要討論人生基本價值的問題</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 但在進入對於宗教議題的實質論述前,筆者還須釐清:作為關切社會議題,以批判與改造資本主義體制為實踐總目標的左翼者,有必要這麼大費周章地思考人生基本價值議題?
更何況,這些大問題是如此的抽象而往往不會有現成的答案,我們為何不集中心力討論現實的事物呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其次,這些基本價值的討論又為何會與宗教問題意識扯上關係呢?難道這些人生意義的基本問題不是理性思考的議題?不是道德哲學的議題嗎?為何與宗教有關呢?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對於第一個疑問,筆者的答覆是:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">抽象與現實絕不會斷然兩分而毫無相干,恰恰相反。我們越是對現實事物深入分析,就會對這現實事物背後的一般原則、本質感到好奇與困惑。更何況,現實永遠是複雜多變的,如果我們對這現實現象沒有更深層的體會與掌握,又怎會不隨波逐流、漫無方向而虛度生命呢?</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 對於要改造這現實世界的左翼者來說,對現實事物的實踐與了解,當然是當務之急。但在這現實的催逼下,任何一個有基本反思、有基本道德敏感度的左翼者,也必然會對這現實世界的基本價值問題產生更深層的疑惑與不解。這些人生基本價值的問題當然不會有速成答案,它是需要我們以無比的熱情、毅力與困惑去嘗試、去探索、去體會一二,才會有些智慧的歷練呈現。然而,
一旦我們對這些人生價值有了真正的體會與成長,我們對人世間種種的悲歡離合、光明與黑暗、上升與沉淪兩相雜陳的詭異現象等,就會有更深沈與成熟的掌握,更能掌握現實的癥結,也更能以悲憫胸懷來立身處世---而這一切都正是左翼者在現實奮鬥中所亟須的人生智慧。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 所以,一個左翼者、一個偉大的左翼公民運動,對於人生基本價值的思索、討論與詰問,都是絕對必要的,即使我們不可能會有完美或人人皆能同意的終極答案。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">三、道德理性與宗教問題意識</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 那麼,為何這類人生意義問題不能在道德哲學中討論,而要牽扯到宗教呢? 我們如何針對人生基本價值來展開一個具有深刻宗教問題意識的討論呢?在這方面,哲學家康德的晚年著作,《單純理性限度內的宗教》,提拱了很好的啟發。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 康德對於人類的道德實踐理性有著非常清醒而樂觀的信心,一方面,他認為道德實踐理性是絕對自律的,自我立法來要求我們義不容辭地承擔道德義務;我們之所以行善,絕非是外求於幸福的現實利益,而是因為道德命令我們如此行事。道德之善,就是不顧後果、非功利的來行善。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 另一方面,康德也了解,這道德本體固然是超越現實利益考量之上,但我們任何的道德行為畢竟是在現實中實踐,則這道德之善在現實中的果效若是毫無意義,甚至反其道而行(如善有惡報),則這本體之善就是與現實徹底決裂、兩分了。更深入的說,如果我們的道德之善無法在這現實經驗中彰顯其意義與價值,這就意味著這現實世界其實是與善惡無關,有沒有善行、有沒有道德根本無所謂(因為善未必有善報或甚至有惡報)!那康德所再三倡議的實踐理性的道德之善,到後來還是無從改變這現實世界的無意義性、荒謬性。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">換言之,如果我們肯定人有善惡判斷與實踐的理性能力,也依此而行,那我們如何保證這道德之善行能改變、能作用於這世界上呢?正是在這關鍵上,康德斷然提出:若要至善(即善與幸福合一的德福兩全)成為可能,「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們必須假定一個更高的、道德的、最聖潔的、和全能的存在者,唯有這存在者才能把至善的兩種因素結合起來...因此,道德不可避免地要導致宗教」。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 面對道德善行與荒謬現實的二分現象困局,康德提出了宗教必要性的答案,有兩層意義。其一,康德知道我們的道德實踐理性、科學知識理性等都無從保證善行能帶來現實中的良果,所以我們需要宗教來做為這荒謬現實世界的最後依託。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">因為人類實踐理性本身是無從保證能創造出一個善有善報、善能徹底改造舊世界的道德世界來。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 其二,由於這宗教的依託已非是人類實踐理性範疇之內,所以康德指出,我們只能「假設」,而非理性認知,有這至高存在者(即上帝);而對這宗教所能擔保的德福合一的至善境界,我們也僅能「希望」而已,而非理性認知上的確認。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 總結來說,康德這套宗教論述是建立在實踐理性基礎上:一方面,他堅信作為理性個體的我們,能夠也應該聽從實踐理性的要求來踐行道德義務;但另一方面,康德也深知我們實踐理性到最後是無法徹底改造、完成一個道德本體的現實世界,
因為,在現實中,道德之善與符合道德之善的幸福結果永遠不會完美的匯合。也正是在這實踐理性的現實盡頭處,康德承認了宗教信仰不可或缺的地位與無可取代的角色。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">實踐理性的終端就是宗教信仰的開端。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 反過來說,也正是有這終極信仰為依託,一個徹底遵循實踐理性者,即使在現實中依然是困頓踉蹌、甚至是以善有惡報的荒謬結局來結束她人生之旅,卻再也不會喪志絕望,因為,以康德的話說,我們固然應該絕對聽從理性的命令(否則我們就不是理性之人),但</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">我們卻可毫不在乎這實踐理性是否能在現實中開花結果,因為,有了信仰,我們就可以希望這實踐理性能在超越這現實世界的宗教願景中能夠實現它該有的幸福結局。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">德福是可以一致的---但僅在宗教信仰的願景裡。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">四、工具理性與宗教意識形態</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 康德對於道德理性與宗教信仰兩者之間關係的論述,對於近代西方社會的價值系統影響是非常深遠的。一方面,在現實社會裡,西方社會所標榜的兩大支柱,科學與民主,無一不是理性的產物;另一方面,康德固然給宗教信仰留下一席之地,但宗教的地位卻是依附於既定的理性實踐之上,即除非我們先充分運用了道德理性之後,才能在未來的結局裡請出宗教信仰來聊以自慰說,我們的理性是有未來宗教世界的幸福保證。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 也就是說,在現實世界裡,西方社會幾乎百分之九十九的活動都屬於純粹理性的範疇:以科學理性來探索自然界、來發展武器征服世界,以實踐理性來作為一個循規蹈矩的道德公民。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">只有在我們生命將告結束時、理性失利時或個人極端隱密的空間裡,我們才會以宗教信仰來告白、來祈求神靈。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這種實質以理性的征服、功利計算為本的為自己現實世界裡的指導原則,再配之以宗教信仰來紓解內心空洞或困惑(例如,十七世紀之後征服全球的各歐洲帝國掌權者、資本家等,幾乎都是基督教的新、舊教信徒)或合理化自身工具化理性的宰制者角色,就正是當代社會學開山祖師,韋伯,的精闢分析主題。可以說,近代西方社會對全球的殖民化過程往往是一手槍砲、一手聖經的兩手策略來進行的,讓被奴役者以主人的意識形態來自我認同。在這操控下,宗教不過是統治者意識形態、
是為統治者利益而服務的神話故事而已。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">五、馬克思的宗教批判</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 這種以現實功利之工具理性為實質內容,而以宗教信仰為意識形態的兩者主從關係,就正是馬克思所批判的宗教不過是「對現實苦難的抗議,是被壓迫生靈的嘆息,是無情世界的感情,是人民的鴉片」。作為歷史唯物者的馬克思,當然是以針對物質生活的現實批判與抗爭來完成宗教信仰所憧憬的幸福:以馬克思的話來說,「廢除作為人民幻想的幸福的宗教,也就是要求實現人民的現實的幸福」、「彼岸世界的真理消逝後,歷史的任務就是確立此岸世界的真理」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 作為一個左翼者,尤其是服膺其對資本主義之理性批判的筆者來說,對於馬克思的宗教批判,是完全同意的,但這同意是有其特定前提(一如馬克思的批判也是基於其前提而展開),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">即宗教已不再是反思人生基本價值的論述,而淪落為惡質統治者的意識形態之統治工具。在這既定的現實統治關係下,宗教已不具有我們所了解的終極價值的關切,而是粉飾無理統治的意識形態而已,這種假宗教當然必須批判與揚棄。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 但馬克思宗教批判的另一個前提,即左翼的理性批判與行動(如政治經濟學批判與政治革命)不僅是必要條件也是充分條件來徹底完成現實世界的翻轉,筆者個人是不能同意的。簡單的說,馬克思(以及他那整個世代以及後續好幾個世代的左翼革命者)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">對於人類理性的能力與地位看得過高了,他認為人類憑藉其理性能力不僅能掌握自然規律、自訂道德法則、社會規範,而且就是自己命運、道德善惡的終極主宰者,以致於幾乎完全漠視了人性與生俱來的軟弱、黑暗面與根深蒂固的自我矛盾性格(以基督教的話來說,「心靈固然願意,但肉體卻軟弱了」)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 理性,當然是人類無以倫比的能力;借助理性批判,人類破除迷信、打倒無可理喻的權威教條,掌握自然規律,訂定道德法則等。但人類理性卻絕非一次到位、無所不能的智慧能力。如果人類是學習的動物,而且是透過錯誤的教訓與經驗反思來進步,那就意味的人類理性終究是時空條件下的產物,有其不可擺脫的局限性,而這侷限猶待我們在歷史長河中來逐步改正。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在這意義下,我們必須接受人類理性上的謙卑與不足。理性雖是必要,但絕非萬能,因此我們再激進、再左翼,即使如馬克思者也會犯錯。這是理論理性(即科學知識)上的限制。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> 但更關鍵的,卻是我們實踐理性(即道德)上的限制。道德善行是需要行為動機與意志力。我們往往有一時之仁,如報名認養孤苦小孩,但若這要排除生活中種種不便與犧牲而持久持行下去,就需要意志力。而我們一般的意志往往是脆弱的。又例如,我們日常所遭逢的各式誘惑、試探都在考驗我們意志力,會做錯事的,往往不是不知是非善惡,而是無法敵擋誘惑。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">這種幾乎是普世化的人性幽暗面,正是宗教意識所關注之處,如何堅持當初的善念、如何將苦難視之為得之不易的成長、如何將犧牲視之為天上而來的祝福,這一切的一切,都不會在革命左翼論著中找到;而人性黑暗面的情節卻往往在革命左翼運動中如幽靈般的時隱時現。左翼運動當然是以徹底的理性批判起家,但它能依賴這理論與實踐理性而終其事嗎?筆者非常懷疑。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在革命左翼理性侷限之處,豈非正是真正人生價值終極關切的宗教意識起源之地呢?筆者今後將繼續討論這議題。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 140%;"></span></div>
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<br />台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-53194762698636268682013-07-22T12:45:00.000+08:002013-07-23T03:54:07.069+08:00弱勢翻身竟只能仰賴企業善心?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">28</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,一場由永齡教育基金會舉辦的「</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">永齡希望小學成果發表暨補救教學學術研討會」在台北舉行;這場集會可說冠蓋雲集,學術界做補救教學研究的重要人士幾乎全員到齊,教育部、縣市教育局也都有人參加,國家教育研究院長柯華葳還受邀作開場專題演講,充分展現鴻海集團的人脈實力。郭台銘挾其雄厚財力,效法比爾蓋茲成立基金會做做善事,本來也沒什麼特別值得討論;但研討會最後的綜合座談,卻透露出令人憂心的訊息。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由於教育部國教署官員也是研討會的座上賓,綜合座談時,台下觀眾不免拿永齡小學的績效來問教育部:十二國教的配套措施「補救教學方案」是不是也應該效法一下啊?結果,國教署官員回答得左支右絀,最後只能尷尬的表示「教育部會以有限資源做最大的努力」、「永齡小學的單位成本,我們(教育部的「補救教學方案」)不能比」(換成白話文就是:教育部沒那麼多錢!)害得坐在一旁的基金會執行長趕緊發言緩頰。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">那麼,這個「官員不方便回答」的問題,答案到底是什麼?根據研討會提供的資料顯示:</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學年度,永齡小學在全台有</span><span lang="EN-US">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所分校(大多與大學合作),在</span><span lang="EN-US">280</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所國小成立共</span><span lang="EN-US">700</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">個「課後補救教學」的班級,共服務</span><span lang="EN-US">4200</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">餘名國小學童,規模其實還好;而經筆者私下向某分校的負責教授請教,得知永齡小學的學生單位成本大約是新台幣</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬元。好,那我們看全國需求:如果用不久前教育部舉辦「試辦國中教育會考」的「待加強」人數比例(各科分別在</span><span lang="EN-US">16.01</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">%~</span><span lang="EN-US">28.72</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">%,註</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)來估算,則</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學年度全台灣應該要進行補救教學的國中小學生合計約</span><span lang="EN-US">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬~</span><span lang="EN-US">58</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬人(註</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">);而以永齡小學的標準來核算經費,則</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學年度「教育部做補救教學的經費需求」應該是</span><span lang="EN-US">99</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">億~</span><span lang="EN-US">174</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">億新台幣。那麼,教育部實際上編了多少呢?根據教育部《十二年國民基本教育<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">實施計畫》</span>的配套措施「方案</span><span lang="EN-US">3-2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、國民小學及國民中學補救教學實施方案」,答案應該是「</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年不到</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">億」!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">令人感嘆的是,研討會前一天,立法院臨時會在吵吵鬧鬧中三讀通過了十二年國教的法源,但爭議的焦點卻還是在於「是否全面免學費」;對於攸關十二年國教的核心價值,真正能扭轉資源逆分配、讓弱勢得以透過教育翻身的二大配套方案</span><span lang="EN-US">–</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「高中職均優質化」和「國中小補救教學」,卻根本沒有幾個人關心!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">事實上,「國中小補救教學」之所以重要,除了在於解決許多人擔心的「十二年國教沒有升學考試,將使國中生失去學習動力」及「十二年國教將不同程度學生進入相同高中,使造成高中國中化」的問題;其實更在於:透過補救教學的落實,可以協助這個國家社經文化等資源弱勢的學子獲得充分的教育配備;讓他們在未來的人生競賽中,有一個真正公平競爭的起點。今天,大家都羡慕芬蘭教育的成功,卻不想想人家是如何徹底落實補救教學(註</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="color: red; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)!</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">事實上,教育部的「國中小補救教學」配套方案,不論在師資、設備、支援系統(例如社工服務)、督導機制,都有許多規劃上的不足(註</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),就算芬蘭學不來,為什麼不學學台灣本土的永齡小學?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">馬總統號稱要以「社會公平正義」為其施政目標,但上任以來,只知一味發錢、當散財童子,真正能發揮效果的政策卻沒見到幾個。今年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,「幼托整合」施實滿周年,但卻造成全國</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、大多在偏鄉的公立托兒所倒閉(註</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">);至於可以讓弱勢翻身的補救教學方案,政府也打算應付一下門面就好。看樣子,要台灣真的達到「社會公平正義」境地,我們得期待多出現幾個有錢的善心人士囉!或者,郭董有沒有興趣</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">選總統啊?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:國教署,《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">102</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年試辦國中教育會考各科計分與閱卷結果說明》,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">教育部電子報,發布日期:</span><span lang="EN-US">102-04-19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://epaper.edu.tw/news.aspx?news_sn=19109">http://epaper.edu.tw/news.aspx?news_sn=19109</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:根據教育部統計資料,</span><span lang="EN-US">101</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學年度全台公立國小學生約</span><span lang="EN-US">134</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬人,國中約</span><span lang="EN-US">75</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬人。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的研究指出,芬蘭有</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">%~</span><span lang="EN-US">45</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">%的國中小學生曾接受補救教學。資料來源:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Di-59XgNCA">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Di-59XgNCA</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:參見</span><span lang="EN-US">102</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日全教總與高雄市教師職業工會的聯合記者會資料《十二年國教「三大關鍵配套」都還沒準備好!~「高中職均優質化、國中小補救教學、國中適性輔導」之問題分析》。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:參見《新新聞》周刊第</span><span lang="EN-US">1357</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">期,</span><span lang="EN-US">2013.03.07</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">出刊。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(作者為台灣公共化協會成員)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12pt;"> </span> </span>台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-35482684951617268762013-07-21T07:32:00.001+08:002013-07-23T03:57:55.952+08:00美國觀察之五:平權法案及教育平等<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;">█</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳方隅</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;">”「形式平等」很重要,而且也是美國主要的意識形態</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;">自由主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: large;">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: medium;">其中重要的要素,要讓大家有相同的立足點,在公平的機會之下競爭。不過,對少數、弱勢族群來說,在很多方面的立足點從來就不是平等的,「實質平等」比形式平等更重要許多。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">電影「林肯」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)當中,共和黨基進派領袖、眾議員史蒂文生(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thaddeus Stevens</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)有一句經典台詞:「我不認為人類天生平等,但我堅持人人在法律上平等」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1868</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年美國通過憲法第十四條修正案,其中規定「各州不得對任何在其管轄下的公民,拒絕給予平等的法律保護。」這個「平等保護」條款(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">equal protection</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是重要的人民權利,至今仍然是許多法案的主要爭議點所在,例如今年六月份最高法院就有幾項重要的判決:優惠性入學政策、同性婚姻、投票權法案等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本文主要將從「優惠性入學政策」談起,提出對於美國教育政策及平等保護的一些觀察。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">優惠性入學政策</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平權政策(或直譯為扶持行動,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">affirmative action</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是美國從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1960</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代起,為了提升少數族裔在就業、就學時的平等權益而推出的一系列法案。在就學方面特別指「優惠性入學政策」,使大學招收學生時,給予少數族裔及具有特殊身份的考生特別名額,或者是加分(台灣也在各級學校規定有「特種身分學生成績優待」的辦法)。這樣的法案主要目的在於提昇少數族裔(當時主要為非洲裔美國人)的權益、彌補過去的不平等,第二個目的是要維持大學(及工作場合)中的族群多元性、營造更好的學習(工作)環境。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國是一個「聯邦制」的國家,各州都有自己的憲法、參議院及眾議院。各項法案若有爭議的話,通常會經由各層級的法院「司法審查」機制,例如在最高層級是聯邦法院,來裁決是否違反憲法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1990</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代起開始有白人學生因為未獲學校錄取,而狀告學校因平權政策而使其權益受損,讓成績不如自己的少數族裔學生得以入學;甚至還有一些州以「公投」方式修憲廢除平權政策,例如筆者所在的密西根州(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年)。目前,法院的判決大都維持平權政策的合憲性,例如最高法院</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2003</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年判決「種族」可以是招生時的考量因素,不過同時也否決了「明訂」加分標準與名額的優惠性政策(兩案被告都與密西根大學有關<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>);密西根州的公投案也在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底被法院判決違反聯邦憲法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些判決都有幾項特點,一是法官投票的票數相當接近(不僅在最高法院,在各級法院常都是些微差距),可見這個議題仍然是高度爭議;二是判決理由都不是從消弭歧視出發,而主要在法律上的「平等保障」。以密西根公投修憲廢除平權政策來看,法院認為對支持平權政策的人來說是一種不平等,因為他們以後只能透過漫長且需投入大量金錢的州憲法增修過程來修正,而反對者要改變入學政策則有很多可採行的途徑,像是對入學委員會、大學領導人請願、學校的行政決策部門遊說,也可以把這個議題提付全州公投。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,白人高中生費雪(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abigail Fisher</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)因被德州大學拒絕錄取,而將該校告上法庭,主張學校已違反憲法中的平等保護條款。今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,最高法院以「證據不足」為由,將此案駁回聯邦上訴法院重審。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不過,審視法院的意見書,法官們認為此案的違憲審查必須採取嚴格標準,學校必須明確證明如果不用優惠性入學政策,則無法達成學生族群多元的目標,否則就不能違反憲法中的平等保護原則。如此看來,未來優惠性入學政策在最高法院很可能將被宣判違憲。順道一提,兩天後(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6/26</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)最高法院也宣判加州禁止同性婚姻的法案,以及聯邦法律關於排除同性伴侶享有稅務優惠及社會福利的規定,都違反平等原則而違憲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實質的平等更重要</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">「形式平等」很重要,而且也是美國主要的意識形態</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">自由主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">其中重要的要素,要讓大家有相同的立足點,在公平的機會之下競爭。不過,對少數、弱勢族群來說,在很多方面的立足點從來就不是平等的,「實質平等」比形式平等更重要許多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大部份的資料指出,平權政策對於提升少數族裔(非裔及拉丁裔)的就學及就業「人數」方面都是有正面影響,但是對於這種方式入學之後的「效果」以及「必要性」則存在較多爭議。平權政策是否真正對他們是一種保障呢?最新的實證資料指出,因加分而進入頂尖學校的少數族裔學生,如果當初選擇讀較為普通的學校,後來的表現會更好。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)那麼,一個更根本的問題是,為什麼還是有不少人需要被加分才能上大學?為什麼非裔、拉丁裔美國人的大學入學成績(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">SAT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)遠低於白人?(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中關鍵在於美國基層教育資源的高度不平等分配。史丹福大學教授達琳哈蒙德(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Linda Darling-Hammond</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的研究指出美國的中小學教育困境。由於地方財政狀況差異很大,許多較窮的郊區學校常連購買書本、維修教室等費用都很拮据,更重要的是無法聘用到能力合格的教師進行教學。這些區域通常居住的即是少數族裔。家庭收入和其所獲得的教育資源是成正比的,弱勢族群住在低收入的區域、無法享受應有的教育資源,長大後自然無法獲得好的入學成績。根據自身觀察,開車十分鐘左右就能到另一個鄉鎮級行政區,每個區的財政狀況差異的確是相當大。在一些瀕臨破產的大城市,例如底特律,公務員薪水都發不出來,更不需要指望政府有多少錢能投入教育及公共建設。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於各級學校高漲的學費、低落的教育品質、學生家庭經濟困難等因素,使得美國高中的輟學率相當高,約有四分之一的高中生輟學,有些州的輟學率甚至達到四成。即使上了大學,不到一半的大學生最後能完成學位,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家當中敬陪末座。毫無意外地,輟學率和家庭收入、少數族裔又都是顯著相關的。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對平權法案的其中一項重要論點是,這些靠優惠上好大學的學生可能會跟不上學業。我認為似乎有點倒果為因,應該說因為他們是弱勢所以才會需要優惠措施,而且因為他們的弱勢背景,造成他們可能在學業上表現不佳。出身於經濟弱勢家庭的學生,要背負更多債務(學貸),所以必須打更多工,因此更可能跟不上學業,惡性循環。或許以種族來考量入學標準是違反了形式上的平等,但是在巨大的實質不平等之下,平權法案至少在形式上仍然是有其存在的必要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我更好奇的是,美國大學存在許多「捐錢換入學」的錄取管道,(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)許多好學校的入學申請費用及學費門檻更是高不可攀,比起平權法案更是嚴重侵害平等受教權,為什麼沒有人挑戰這些現象的合憲性呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平等權益尚未完成,仍須努力</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了合憲性的爭議之外,各方面政策上的配套更為重要。然而,美國社會一向存在「凡事皆要自行負責」的自由主義想法,認為政府不需要干預個人自由,聯邦政府管的事情愈少愈好,因此更加劇各種不平等。除了教育政策之外,美國人對「社會福利」的態度也深受種族態度的影響,系上負責教授調查研究及美國政治的老師就提到,現在很少有人會承認自己是種族主義者,研究者在調查當中通常會利用許多「題組」來測量受訪者的態度,研究結果顯示許多人仍然是具有種族主義的傾向;選舉時也常有候選人講出「弱勢族群接收太多社會福利且都不繳稅」這樣的語言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">25</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日最高法院判決「投票權法案」違憲也是和少數族裔有關係。法院以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5-4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的數裁定聯邦法律不得限制各州的選舉實行辦法,等同於授權各州可以採行更嚴格的投票登記、證件查核等措施,此案表面上的爭點在於各州是否保有舉辦選舉的權力不受聯邦干涉,實際上的爭點在於這些措施都將大幅增加少數族群的投票成本,降低投票率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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</span>平等受教權、提升中小學的教育品質,是促成社會流動以及</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">矯正社會地位事實上不平等的重要關鍵。目前已有許多學者大聲疾呼消弭不平等的重要性,關於「形式平等」的法律戰爭,持續在各級法院上演,但是在金錢至上的選舉與政治過程中,我們很難期待對於提升實質平等的政策有太多的修正。台灣正進行十二年國教的改革,對於公私立學校招生及授課的規定、學費的門檻,以及各項入學考試評鑑制度是否對經濟弱勢的家庭更為不利,「實質平等」的問題不可不察。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(作者為「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於平權政策歷史及各項相關法案,請參考美國平權政策協會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">American Association for
Affirmative Action</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)網站。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈德州大學扶持行動案</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美最高法院打回〉,《新唐人》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/6/25</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:芝加哥大學教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan Slater (2013)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">整理了許多研究成果,請參閱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Does Affirmative Action Do What It Should?" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New York times</i>, 2013/3/16.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:根據美國大學理事會釋出的官方資料,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年非裔美國人的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">SAT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成績三項平均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1273</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,拉丁裔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1350</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,印地安裔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1433</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,白人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1578</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,亞裔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1641</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:請參閱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimberly Hefling,
"Despite Progress, 1 in 4 High Schoolers Drops Out," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NBC News</i>, 2012/3/19. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大學的狀況請參閱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lou
Carlozo, "Why College Students Stop Short of a Degree," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reuters</i>, 2012/3/27</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;陳方隅,〈美國觀察之二:高等教育學費篇〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/3/28</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daniel Golden, 2007. The Price
of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges--and
Who Gets Left Outside the Gates. New York: Three Rivers Press.</span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-42061602934018361812013-05-29T10:35:00.003+08:002013-05-29T10:36:24.739+08:00美國觀察之四: 飲食健康、槍枝管制、個人自由與商業利益<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在便利的現代生活背後,其實隱藏著龐大的政商利益。這些立法角力過程就是民主政 治的真實面貌。民主政治一方面對於「個人自由」有所保障,一方面在整個過程中,若沒 有類似北歐國家那樣的陽光法案保證資訊公開透明,則利益就會偏向大公司、大財團。”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;"> 筆者目前於美國留學,藉此專題版面對美國的校園、生活等各方面狀況提出一些觀察紀錄,主要依據為個人見聞。本文主要討論幾項日常生活議題。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">飲食習慣</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國人的飲食習慣令人不敢恭維。剛到的學期遇上一個引起各媒體激辯的政策:美國農業部在第一夫人蜜雪兒(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Michelle Obama</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的呼籲之下,推動中小學營養午餐菜單改革,提供更多五穀類及蔬果,減少漢堡薯條等垃圾食物,並限縮熱量攝取。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)美國人對於食品健康的觀念的確是有待加強,例如他們總是喜歡高糖份、高油份、高熱量的食物。很多美式食物餐點(例如潛艇堡套餐)會附上一包洋芋片,在他們的觀念裡這包並非澱粉類也非餐後甜點,而是「蔬菜」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到國內,「鳳梨王子」楊宇帆也曾建議政府採用類似的方式,在中小學推動營養午餐「有機蔬果日」,主要目的在推廣有機以及無毒農業的概念。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)我認為,政府可以好好思考並且運用學校這個傳播機制。在糧食自給率愈來愈低,以及各種自由貿易的衝擊之下,推廣有機、在地農業等概念,才能擴大消費市場,進而幫助農民轉型與升級,同時能達到保護環境的效果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">選擇食物的議題背後有個很重要的辯論是,政府有沒有權力規定一些看起來是對人民健康有好處的事情?有一個相關的新聞:美國紐約市長彭博(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Michael <span class="st">Bloomberg</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)計劃禁止餐廳、速食店、電影院、體育館等場所販賣容量</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盎司(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">470</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">毫升)以上的汽水與其他含糖飲料,但反遭州最高法院判決永久禁止類似禁令。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)反對者認為選擇食物是個人自由,不論該食物是否有害健康。問題在於,在食品公司強力廣告放送之下,消費者不一定明瞭自己的飲食習慣正常與否,許多食品的成份也未標明清楚。目前美國成人肥胖率超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">35%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,每年相關醫療支出超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1470</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億美元。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)國民健康事關整體勞動力、醫療成本,生病牽涉到更多的社會問題(例如家庭醫療支出增加、經濟支柱受影響),並不是「個人自由選擇」這麼簡單的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">關於香菸的規定大概資本主義世界唯一大規模針對某項商品的管制與限制。</span><span lang="EN-US">1964</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月,美國當時的衛生部長泰瑞公開抽菸與肺癌、其他嚴重疾病的關聯性後,人們開始重視資訊不對等的問題,發現菸商每年花費數十億美元廣告費,且大量資助假中立的研究機構,發佈不實的研究成果證明吸菸不影響健康。經過漫長的努力才成功推動香菸包裝提出警告、廣告禁止在廣播與電視播放、飛機內與更多封閉環境禁止抽菸、青少年禁買,以及與菸商訴訟獲得四百億美元的和解金等措施。(註</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)世界衛生組織(</span><span lang="EN-US">WHO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)於</span><span lang="EN-US">2003</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">月通過國際「菸草控制框架公約」(簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">FCTC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">),並開放各國簽署。美國聯邦政府及許多州政府也持續對菸商採取法律行動,但是吸菸人口仍然不少,這場「健康的戰爭」仍然持續當中。</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個人自由與政府管制的辯論</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得美國人對於「個人自由」有一種莫名其妙的堅持,但很多並不一定是好事。除了飲食之外,最具爭議性的莫過於槍枝管制。每隔一段時間就會出現「大規模掃射」的新聞,最近一次就是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月於康州發生校園槍擊案,造成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位國小一年級學童與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位教職員身亡。美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人口,一共擁有近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億支槍械,每年槍枝行凶案的發生率是其他經濟發達國家(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,且每年至少一萬人因槍致死。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)歐巴馬總統想要推動購買槍枝時的背景檢查,以確保有精神疾病者以及罪犯不能買到槍枝,但是連這樣具有顯而易見需要性的提案都被共和黨佔多數的參議院否決(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日),更不用提進一步限制彈匣裝填數等提案,主因一樣是「個人自由」,而且這是由憲法賦予人們的「神聖權利」。問題在於憲法制定的時空環境已和現在大不相同,人們已不需要拿起武器來對抗政府;而支持寬鬆管制的人們理由主要是用以自衛,也早已與憲法初衷沒有直接相關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看新聞中關於此議題的辯論總是覺得不可思議,每年這麼多的死傷人數要不是被忽視,要不就是被歸究於「若每人都擁有槍枝則社會就安全了,因為這樣才能嚇阻歹徒」。事實上,每年槍枝產業經濟規模超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">300</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億美元,強有力的槍枝協會利益團體主導整個立法過程,迫使國會議員必須支持「選區利益」,使得任何管制都很難通過。就算通過些許改革,針對個人自由部份限制的法案及規定,通常還要再經過曠日費時的立法程序以及司法程序,由法院來判決相關禁令是否違法、違憲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們可以發現,造成健康醫療支出沉重負擔的香菸,也同樣存在廠商及利益團體高度介入立法的行為。或許是因為香菸影響層面更大,因為其不只傷害使用者本身,二手接收者也深受其害,總體造成的醫療負擔及對勞動力的損害已讓各國政府無法忽視,因此經歷漫長的努力才成功推動現有的管制。然而,槍械產業的經濟規模比香菸還要大,而其造成的傷亡人數又比不上各種疾病所帶來的長遠影響;食品產業的經濟規模更是龐大許多,因此在制定規範的過程更易偏向產業這一邊。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">譚偉恩及蔡育岱(</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)的論文指出:「食品安全標準的設立過程中,業者與政府存在共同的利益基礎,即確保食品標準的最小限制性和維護食品貿易的高度自由化」,以達到經濟成長的目標。「經濟弱者(無論國家或是個人)不但在貿易活動中失利與被不公平的對待,在公共衛生的安全利益上也同樣遭到忽視與犧牲。」(註</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">)也就是說,我們生活當中很多標準其實不一定是「安全」的,規範常常是經濟利益考量之下的產物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小結</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在便利的現代生活背後,其實隱藏著龐大的政商利益。這些立法角力過程就是民主政治的真實面貌。民主政治一方面對於「個人自由」有所保障,一方面在整個過程中,若沒有類似北歐國家那樣的陽光法案保證資訊公開透明,則利益就會偏向大公司、大財團。民主政治的基本命題就是各利益團體能夠組織起來,競逐政治職位以及對政策的影響力,但是各方勢力從來就不是平衡的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在美國念書會遇到很多不一樣的生活體驗以及價值觀念,有些值得借鏡、引人深思,有些則令人不敢恭維。許多公務機關「出國考察」的行程,似乎也應該連同這些背後的觀念一起考察,而不是只有看硬體建設。而這也就是留學或遊學的好處之一,可以開拓視野,並反思我們自己的生活型態。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(作者為「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:美國兒童肥胖率排名全球第二,密雪兒因此曾推出「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Let’s Move</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」計劃,推動健康飲食及運動習慣培養。關於營養午餐,請參閱〈美國農業部修正營養午餐規定〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《教育部電子報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">542</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/12/13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;最近的新規定請參閱〈世界傳真:美農業部同意中小學生午餐吃更多肉和穀類〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/1/6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈親愛的英九,聽我說說話,好嗎?〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/9/20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://why160why.pixnet.net/blog/post/92886201</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈紐約超大含糖飲料禁令</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反遭『永久禁止』」,《自由時報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013/3/13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:數據請參考美國疾病管制及預防中心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.cdc.gov</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:〈美反菸跨越四十年里程碑</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">專家稱只打成平手〉,《大紀元》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2004/1/12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吳景欽,</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國槍枝管制的困難</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉,</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ET</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論壇,2012/12/29;</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">邱慕天,《台灣醒報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2013/2/4/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">譚偉恩、蔡育岱,</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">食品政治:「誰」左右了國際食品安全的標準?</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉《</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">政治科學論叢</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">42</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">1-42</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-55956941760479296552013-05-29T10:35:00.002+08:002013-05-29T10:35:44.911+08:00從東海岸開始(上)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">█</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">林子暉</span></div>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開發案所帶來的經濟利益分配極度不均等,更遑論大開發必然要付出的環境、文化的 成本。文化與自然環境利潤的考量下,迅速被轉化可以大量複製、出售的商品,逐漸抽離 在地社群生活,被簡化成輕易可以辨認的消費元素或花錢才能享受的生活空間。”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,十多名環運團體、花東部落居民等各界人士發起「不要告別東海岸徒步行動</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,從台東至台北徒步完成</span><span lang="EN-US">265</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公里,與台北聲援群眾會合遊行,以此表達抵制美麗灣飯店開發案並呼籲政府不要放任財團開發東海岸。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">放眼花東,</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年烽火遍地,不僅有已糾結數十年美麗灣,自</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日深夜,立法院三讀通過花東發展條例並同時編列</span><span lang="EN-US">400</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億永續發展基金,大開發的號角早已吹響!花蓮縣長傅崐萁隨即於</span><span lang="EN-US">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年年初提出豐濱山海劇場、</span><span lang="EN-US">F1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">賽車場、六十石山高空纜車、瑞穗溫泉飯店區等規模浩大的觀光建設。從海岸到山邊,皆可聽聞以經濟繁榮為口號的粗暴開發。捍衛家園的戰役何時終結?希望又何在?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開發就繁榮?</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">細究這些開發案多為透過政府建置基礎設施、徵收土地或開放公共自然資源,再以</span><span lang="EN-US">BOT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等形式吸引民間企業投資。看似透過觀光產業發展帶動在地經濟,然而就開發規模與觀光模式可見皆為私人資本開啟佔有公共自然資源的方便之門。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">集中定點式的觀光模式,帶來的不外乎資本的集中與切割,觀光客從機場、火車站直奔溫泉飯店、賽車場,任何消費行為、互動行程皆被吸納於這些私人資本投資的空間中,何來開發案區域外的繁榮?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原處於弱勢的在地居民如何開設民宿、餐館來分食觀光大餅?更遑論就業機會,追求迅速獲利的財團企業,需要的是可以馬上提供高消費族群服務的專業人員,處於教育資源弱勢的花東居民,至多成為臨時聘僱的低階勞力。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上述開發案所帶來的經濟利益分配極度不均等,更遑論大開發必然要付出的環境、文化的成本。文化與自然環境利潤的考量下,迅速被轉化可以大量複製、出售的商品,逐漸抽離在地社群生活,被簡化成輕易可以辨認的消費元素或花錢才能享受的生活空間。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當六十石山美麗的山頭插上高聳的纜車支柱,何來永續的美景?當阿美族的必須在豐年祭日夜操演最受觀光客歡迎的舞蹈,何來真正細緻體現、傳承真正的傳統?而當這些文化、自然資源被粗暴、短暫的消耗殆盡,台灣觀光產業又要何以為繼?</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全面席捲</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">花東絕非特例,包含離島的馬祖賭場爭議、金門觀光</span><span lang="EN-US">BOT(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US">1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近期也都正面臨相同開發模式的處境。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實翻開台灣這幾年的經濟數據,就不難發現事出有因。台灣以科技業為主軸的產業結構,受到中國及東南亞新興代工國家的競爭,而品牌、技術專利又受歐美、韓、日的壟斷,逐漸喪失引以為豪的世界分工角色,私人資本的利潤空間急速下滑</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US">2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。此時,台灣豐厚多元的文化與自然資源另他們垂涎三尺,私人資本介入觀光產業可一石三鳥獲得三種利潤來源:勞工、自然資源與文化,甚至後續創造文創產業、醫療產業、服務業等產值。且在私人資本生死存亡之際,何以論及能否永續經營或尊重在地?可以遇見,未來數年內將開發案爭議將全台延燒,以政府法令為靠山的財團,將毫不掩飾的全面掠奪,類似美麗灣環評的荒謬會不斷發生!</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">危機中的轉機</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對如此龐大、貪婪的浪潮,捍衛環境、文化理想就孱弱無力?其實不然,正因這樣全面的侵略,反而給予以往僅止於捍衛家園的抗爭或環境至上的行動者、青年重新思考、實踐的契機,而私人資本的全面侵略也讓原本各地孤獨抗爭者有了聯結的可能性,且正是從觀光產業發展作為反擊的著力點。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">危機中的課題:不要私人資本的開發,我們要的是什麼?所謂深度旅遊圖像是什麼?如何面對經濟困境下在地居民對於文化、環境維護的冷漠?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近年逐漸流行的深度旅遊標榜尊重在地人文與自然環境,這種旅遊模式的探索經驗早始於台灣數十年的草根社區工作,包含</span><span lang="EN-US">90</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代開始社區營造運動中,許多社區組織從生態環保或文化復振等角度發展所謂在地特色深度旅遊,以其</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在維護上述價值同時兼顧經濟發展。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這尚須面對一個質疑,特定區域的生態保護、傳統文化,甚至弱勢社群的經濟利益與大眾何干?如何在上述經濟困局下對抗私人資本掠奪,進而發展為替代方案,就必須回到根本癥結,旅遊不只是旅遊,更在於傳達一種生活圖像與新經濟模式的可能。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對這議題,筆者將在本文下篇深入討論。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(筆者為台灣公共化協會成員、世新大學社會發展所研究生)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US">1: </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">馬祖於</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年通過設置博奕特區公投,其中美商懷德積極爭取承攬博奕特區的賭場與相關觀光設施建設。金門縣政府推動觀光休閒產業建設,共</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">件大型</span><span lang="EN-US">BOT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">案,將威脅溼地生態與文化古蹟。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://newtalk.tw/news/2013/04/24/35821.html">http://newtalk.tw/news/2013/04/24/35821.html</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.npf.org.tw/post/3/12039">http://www.npf.org.tw/post/3/12039</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US">2: </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣工業</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">製造業</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">佔</span><span lang="EN-US">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比例已下滑至</span><span lang="EN-US">31%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而服務業已上升至近</span><span lang="EN-US">68.7%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中觀光業雖只佔</span><span lang="EN-US">3.6%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但預估成長率皆為翻倍。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webarticle2.php?id=15044">http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webarticle2.php?id=15044</a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://blog.udn.com/sng55555/6922353">http://blog.udn.com/sng55555/6922353</a></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-90232086102986654792013-04-08T09:55:00.000+08:002013-04-08T09:55:37.463+08:00美國觀察之二:高等教育(學費篇)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">▓陳方隅</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國長期灌輸大眾的想法是:一、使用者付費;二、高學費是為了投資自己,畢業後 才能獲得高薪以及致富。這兩種觀念都不能說沒有道理,但是都值得反思:「知識」及 「教育」可以完全和「商品」劃上等號嗎?我的答案是「顯然不行」。”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 筆者目前於美國留學,藉此專題版面對美國的校園、生活等各方面狀況提出一些觀察紀錄,主要依據為個人見聞。本文主要討論對於學術產業的初步觀察。先說我的小結:美國的教育就是一種「產業」,具有高度「市場化」的各項制度,包括學費、聘用、評鑑與排名。本文將著重學費部份。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在美國念書的成本是非常高的。以我自己為例,公立學校價錢已較便宜,但我所繳交的學分費一個學分一千多美元,跟台幣的數額一樣,也就是說與台灣相比至少約三十倍起跳。這樣高額學費不是每個人都付得起,於是大學生們必須拼命打工與兼職,或者是貸款支付。資料顯示,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月全美學貸總額達美金</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">百億元,甚至比信用卡債與汽車貸款還高;三分之二大學生有貸款,且平均達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.66</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬美元,成為經濟「未爆彈」。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)除了學費之外,教科書也是一筆龐大的花費,專業教科書每本動輒一、兩百美元。當然也是有很發達的二手書買賣與租賃市場,但不是每本教科書都可以便宜取得(美國學生很少盜印書),「取得知識」的代價非常高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國長期灌輸大眾的想法是:一、使用者付費;二、高學費是為了投資自己,畢業後才能獲得高薪以及致富。這兩種觀念都不能說沒有道理,但是都值得反思:「知識」及「教育」可以完全和「商品」劃上等號嗎?我的答案是「顯然不行」。第一,這樣一來教育就無法促進階級流動,只會複製貧窮:愈是富有的家庭才愈有機會將小孩培養進入名校,因為從小到大都能給予較佳學習資源,而且也能付得起昂貴的學費;第二,統計數字的確顯示學歷與「平均薪資」成正比,但是不同類型大學文憑之間,所得差距也很大(媒體常報導前半段,但忽略後半段)。現在愈來愈多「營利型」大學,專門為了那些想要取得文憑的人而設立,但不見得能保證高薪,而整個社會風氣及就業取向又逼迫學生們非念大學不可,並非「自由選擇」的結果,絕對不是「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">PTT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鄉民」所說,可以任意「不爽不要念」。再加上,年輕人現在愈來愈難找到工作,或者說是所謂高薪的工作,例如美國青年失業率約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。根據調查,美國的高中生輟學率驚人,每四人就有一人輟學,而且少數族群、低收入家庭子女的輟學率更是偏高;四年制大學也只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">56%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的學生可以在「六年」內畢業(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家中表現最差)。其中最主要原因是學生無法負擔學費、必須分擔家計而無法兼顧學業(必需少修學分而延長修業時間,或者是被當掉要重修),以及勞動市場結構改變等因素。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">剛進學校時的教學助理座談會,「前輩」們就曾提醒,美國學生很多都忙著打工賺錢,因此不一定會將心思放在課業上,若要當教學助理則要想辦法引起大家注意,並提醒學生們要交作業以及小考時間。一個奇怪的現象是,大學生們對於每次小考或是作業成績都非常在意,也常跟助教爭那區區一兩分,原因就是學費太貴怕重修,但有部份學生平常卻不願意(或無法兼顧?)花心思在這些小小的環節上。開學後我參加學校的「英文家教計劃」(專門為國際學生設計,招募大學生志工每週陪一個小時聊天練英文),我遇到的那位家教也是幾乎每天都要工作,週五甚至還要工作一整天。不過,我的感覺是大家都習以為常,因為長期以來就已接受了「使用者付費」的概念,如果「付不起」則是個人的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在台灣,由於大專院校太多、技職體系不受重視,「學歷貶值」的現象更加嚴重,高學歷不代表高薪,加以相關法律及相關單位並未能保護勞工,勞工幾乎沒有能力與資方議價,以致於「工作貧窮」愈來愈普遍。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐巴馬總統上台後曾推動聯邦政府學貸償還方案改革,加入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年免償還的年限:若學生畢業</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年都長<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>期低薪無法償還完畢,則餘款由政府來還,類似卡債的清償機制。這個設計主要是搭配「量能還款」(依畢業後每月所得能力決定還款速度,而非台灣的制度是每月定期定額)的還款方案,在全球主要國家的學貸制度都有設立。然而,根據筆者自身經驗,台灣的官員及民眾對這兩種設計都有許多誤解,承辦銀行的態度則是不願變革。其實台灣的學貸問題也已經很嚴重,高中以上學生有五分之一有學貸,每年申貸金額超過三百億元。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日所發表的「國情咨文」當中,歐巴馬也重申解決學生負擔過重、降低獲得高教的成本等政策的重要性,矢言幫助更多人完成學業。他同時提到要將基本薪資時薪從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美元調到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美元(約新台幣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">268</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元),以幫助打工族以及收入偏低族群。值得一提的是,我國政府已簽署「兩公約」、且立法使其具國內法的效力,其中《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》第十三條第二項明確指出:「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高等教育應根據能力,以一切適當方法,特別應逐漸採行免費教育制度,使人人有平等接受機會。」兩公約不是簽來宣誓用的,而是要實踐這些普世權利。政府應積極面對!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年金融危機之後,美國許多學校在大學部及碩士班大量招收中國學生。以我所就讀的學校來說,中國學生的數量快速上升(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2007</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年相比,成長</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍),目前已達全校將近十分之一。以我們系上來說,碩士班</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人當中就有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人是中國學生。學校所在地東蘭辛只是一個規模很小而且地處偏遠的大學城,但很多銀行都已配置會講中文的行員,可見中國學生及移民是愈來愈多。這當然也是一種軟實力的展現,因為許多地方仍然將美國文憑奉為圭臬,但也顯示出美國的財政困境與中國的經濟崛起。博士班錄取狀況則剛好相反,外國人要申請變得困難許多,因為他們寧可把名額及獎助學金留給自己人(就我所知,至少社會科學是如此)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府可以思考的是,為了因應少子化、政府財政困難、教育經費不足,除了應該調整預算結構之外(台灣的教育經費僅佔國民生產毛額</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,低於英美日等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國家平均超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,更遠低於北歐國家超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的比例),對中國大陸的開放、完全市場化的學費制度是否為最佳解答?或者,我們應調整總體預算結構,且對教育做更多、更有效率的投資?有幾個非常容易回答的問題:我們是否應減少硬體設備與新蓋大樓的經費,挹注更多經費在學生與研究者身上?是否應讓大專院校適度整併?是否應更加重視技職體系、使學生所學與就業需求相符,而非要求它們也一起加入拚升學、拚生產論文的行列?關於這些問題,以及美國高等教育的觀察,請參考本系列後續文章。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作者為「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> NACBA, "The Student Loan
'Debt Bomb': America's Next Mortgage." 2012/2/7; Becky Yerak, “Student
Loan Debt a Growing Threat to the Economy.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chicago
Tribune</i>, 2012/4/18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。美國大學生貸款調查,請參考:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Project on Student Debt</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://projectonstudentdebt.org/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。其中指出許多營利型大學與高學貸之間的關係,值得注意。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於美國大學輟學及學歷貶值,請參閱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lou Carlozo, "Why college
students stop short of a degree," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reuters</i>,
2012/3/27</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jordan Weissmann, "Why Do So Many
Americans Drop Out of College?" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Atlantic</i>, 2013/3/29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。關於高中的狀況請參閱:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimberly Hefling,
"Despite Progress, 1 in 4 High Schoolers drops Out," <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">NBC News</i>, 2012/3/19.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於相關法律無法保護勞工權益,請參考陳方隅,〈說好的依法行政呢?(上)、(下)〉,《台灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/11/1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/11/15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於台灣的學貸問題及學歷貶值問題,請參閱由筆者整理、青年要好野發佈之〈學貸,青年貧困的第一步〉,以及〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年臺灣青年學貸調查報告〉:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://antipoverty.pixnet.net/blog/post/68163459</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。筆者於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年七月參與相關的討論會時,銀行代表皆表示「學生都不想要量能還款」、「那太麻煩了」。事實上根據我們的調查,大多數學生們都認為量能還款是必要的學貸制度改革,且主要國家學貸制度皆採用之。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於學費相關議題,以及台灣的高等教育學費合理與否,請參閱:孫窮理編,〈反學費</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Q&A</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉,《苦勞網》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/67455</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<br />台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-29973404457541731042013-03-02T21:36:00.002+08:002013-04-08T09:56:04.961+08:00孤獨的爭取知識公共化:從RSS創辦人之死談起<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,開發</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">RSS</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(簡易資訊聚合,讀者自行訂閱喜愛網站後,當網站更新時會自動更新提供給讀者)系統的撰寫者史瓦茲(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Aaron Swartz</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),被發現在紐約布魯克林區住所上吊自殺,享年僅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">26</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">歲。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他的死因源於他觀察到<b>資訊即是權力</b>,所以反對出版商透過智慧財產權架起獲取知識的經濟門檻,並</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">曾在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial;"> 2008 </span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">年寫下題為〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial;">Guerilla Open
Access Manifesto</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">〉的宣言,他說:「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">資訊就是力量。但就像其他力量,有些人意圖將這樣的力量據為己有。全世界所有的科學及文化遺產,以論文和書籍的方式在各國出版,從紙本逐漸轉換成數位格式,並且被私人企業給封鎖。想一讀科學界最重量級的論文嗎?你必須付出巨款給</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> Reed Elsevier</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">(大型出版商,名列財富五百強)這樣的機構。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而正因他畢生追求知識的共享、擴散,所以在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,史瓦茲利用麻省理工學院網路,從必須付費訂閱的專業期刊學術論文資料庫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JSTOR<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">中下載將近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">480</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬篇論文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">之後他被控告侵權並交出下載儲存的硬碟,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JSTOR</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在確認被下載的論文不會再被散佈後就撤銷民事告訴、索賠,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">不過聯邦大陪審團仍以刑事罪將他起訴,負責此案的檢察官歐提茲曾說:「偷竊就是偷竊,不管你用的是電腦指令還是鐵撬,偷的是文件、資訊還是鈔票。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">所以具體求刑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">35</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">年刑期,和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">百萬美金罰款,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這項案件預計在今年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月正式判決</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在判決前,史瓦茲面對司法對其生命價值的壓迫、以及</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">憂鬱症的雙重折磨,使他走向絕路。</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">之後,網路上正反聲音激盪著,支持他的人認為:從</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">網路自由的角度,當專利權所有人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JSTOR</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">資料庫都已撤銷民事告訴,但司法機構還是追殺到底,所以史瓦茲的死需由檢察官以及配合調查的麻省理工學院負全責(而非</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JSTOR</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">公司)!</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">退一萬步來說,認為他只不過是侵害出版財團的利益、讓財團少賺一點,但不應判得比殺人犯、銀行搶匪、恐怖份子、性侵幼童都還重。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而質疑史瓦茲的人,則從依據美國的著作權法,振振有詞的捍衛這是「合法起訴」,畢竟若未保障學術研究者的智慧,就無法促進學術的蓬勃發展,所以必須先確立史瓦茲</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">偷竊就是違法、需被</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">定罪,縱使對量刑的合理性有異議,也不可否認犯罪的事實。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">事實上,以上述「惡法亦法」所以必須守法的觀點來質疑史瓦茲的確有其法理準據。相對的,倘若我們認為「惡法非法」,就必須從目前著作權法的合理性來進行討論,才有可能提出更具說服力的主張。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以下我們嘗試從<b>瞭解創作過程的總體性,來重新檢視著作權法對</b>私營期刊、資料庫的保護,以及對<b>研究者(創作者)與整體社會的影響、矛盾</b>,最後探討是否可能以知識公共化作為突圍的可能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在討論此議題前,筆者意識到智慧財產權、著作權的議題牽涉到廣泛的文化、法律範疇,而筆者並非這兩個領域的專業者,但僅以對「人類是靠知識共享才得發展」的信念、拋磚引玉提出想法,歡迎讀者給予批評建議。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">著作過程的總體性:社會資源的投入、財團的佔有</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">翻開歷史,我們看到<b>整個人類的發展史幾乎就是殿基於知識公開的歷程</b>,從印刷術、火藥製造,到第三次工業革命的網際網路所帶來的即時的知識交換,帶來社會文化福利水平的提昇。而多數國家為了維持整體水平的穩定成長,所以教育、學術研究資源皆來自政府。哪怕是私部門投入高教比例最高的美國,其州政府投入於社區或本州大學的經費仍相當可觀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">然而在目前的著作權法底下,納稅人的社會資源,藉由政府透過教育經費投入給學術研究者,但最終著作權卻因著學術評鑑、教授升等的需要,使創作者「自願」將著作權讓渡給學術期刊出版社,以換取更多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> SCI/SSCI</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">等學術引文索引系統的點數</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">也就是說,公共社會資源和著作者的心血創作,都因期刊通路商掌握發表的最後一哩(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">last mile</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),而能壟斷變成私人財團或國家的財產,讓普羅大眾、納稅人需「再次」出錢訂閱才能取得使用權,更導致社會大眾需為知識付費付出高昂費用的同時,篩掉了經濟弱勢者親近知識的機會,同時限縮了社會文化發展的可能性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當我們檢視目前的西方學術期刊出版,會發現其早已被嚴密地被掌握在幾個龐大的私人出版集團手中,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Black-well</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Elsevier</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kluwer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Springer</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Taylor & Francis</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">等</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,而他們也是倡議將著作權法納入刑責的始作俑者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由此可推論,逼迫史瓦茲交出硬碟、同為全球最大學術文獻檔案館之一的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">JSTOR</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,絕非如其在官網所說的自己僅是無辜第三者</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,相對的正是因出版財團推動「以刑逼民」的立法,才造成史瓦茲的死。更惡劣的是,因著刑法,使得國家以公共資源來作為私人資本的保鑣、並四處散佈各種捍衛「書商財團著作權」的社會教育。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">智財權的矛盾:當專利權不再能刺激進步</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如果我們再更深入探索著作權的基礎,即智慧財產權對各類創作的保護。就會發現主流觀點過度強調</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">創新需要以金錢作為誘因。但卻嚴重忽視了在此價值下產生專利權的濫用;因為</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在人類文明的進展上,</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">創新的擴散以及衍生創作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">/</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二次創作</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span lang="EN-US">(derived work/remix)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是非常重要的,但智財權卻要求層層授權、付費來阻礙創新的擴散。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">尤其當智財權法已成為科技產業拖延企業對手商品上市的利器時,資本家更加期盼智財權修法來為自己解套、同時限制對手。就像張忠謀、郭台銘曾公開表示:台灣與海外的智財權逆差高達</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">50</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億美元,導致台灣產業毛利低,國外公司布下的「智財地雷」已阻礙台灣創業創新的能力。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">但荒謬的是,科技業老闆面對「阻礙創新」的對策,卻是以其人之道還治其人之身,他們倡議成立大中華專利聯盟,來增加本國企業圍堵西方資本的籌碼,並要求政府以此方向來加速修法來保障本土企業。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">然而,這種爭相築高牆的策略對維護私人資本利益有幫助,但卻對我們普羅大眾毫無助益。因為我們最擔心的是讓智財權比照實體物權,朝向完全的私有產權來立法,</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這不僅阻斷</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">衍生創作</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">/</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二次創作的發生,同時因</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">禁止流通</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">造成重複創造</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">造成智力勞動</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的浪費,並拖遲科技文明的發展。相對的,我們期待智財權的修法重點,應該放在對「</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">非營利使用的限制最小化</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」,來保障非營利性質的衍生創作</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">/</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二次創作,才能促進智慧的擴散。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">新的歷史階段</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">美國科技法學家班克勒(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;">Yochai Benkler</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)曾說,在市場價格機制與國家直接分配的兩種選項之外,「分享」作為存在已久的資源分配機制,更要因為傳播科技的發達,而要發揚光大:</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「早先的那些安排也許曾經是最有效率的,或也許是當時生產體系所絕對必須的。然而,</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在新出現的這些科技條件下,早先的那些安排可能就折損了、破壞了,而不是改進了新科技條件所能生產並提供的財貨、資源或功能</span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,社會政策應該以此作為致力之處。」</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而智財權法作為社會政策的一環,應該從促進整體人類社會進步的角度,提出<b>轉化生產力與生產關係間的矛盾</b>的新對策。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">轉化矛盾:知識公共化</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而要將逐漸私有化的「智慧財產」,逐步回歸集體性的「知識產權」,就需思考讓知識「重新」公共化的可能性。而</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">知識公共化指的正</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是將「<b>知識透過民主參與、自主管理詮釋權的過程,與公共分享的結果來擴散、再創新</b>」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">但依據現行的著作權法,著作的使用權利,全然保留於著作權人手中;即所謂的「所有權利保留」(</span><span lang="EN-US">All
Rights Reserved</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)。任何「合理使用」之外的利用,使用者都要事先取得著作權人的授權,才可進行。這對於志在流通其創作,歡迎別人複製、散布、甚或改作其作品的創作者,反而造成困擾。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所以有識者發展出「</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">開放近用(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Arial;">Open Access</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」的策略,讓被創作的「資料能在公眾網際網路上被自由取用,並允許任何使用者可閱讀、下載、重製、散布、列印、搜尋或連結至該等文章的全部內容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">…</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">別無財政、法律或科技障礙之下而能使用該等文章」,而其唯一限制,是允許原創作者得控制他們著作的完整性,或保障表彰作者的貢獻(標注姓名)及引用出處,而「創用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> CC</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Creative Common</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,以模組化的簡易條件,讓創作者用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">6</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">種符號排序)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」的公眾授權條款正可體現此精神。</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但目前台灣政府雖表示支持</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">開放近用、</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">創用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;"> CC</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">,但卻僅投入非常少的資源來開發並做社會倡導</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">其次,針對學術知識的擴散,<b>應</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">積極鼓勵公民參與學術評價、討論的社會權</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。即</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了私人、既有權威的</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCI/ SSCI</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等引文索引系統外,同時由社會資源(亦可由政府出資)大量建立非營利性的網路空間,鼓勵研究人員提供該「機構數位典藏」的名義,供公民自由下載、討論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至大學、教授</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評鑑制度,可加入「以創用</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"> CC </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或更寬鬆的授權方式釋放了多少創新與創作給社會大眾」的給分指標</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,來<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">鼓勵大學教授、研究人員投入創新與創作。</span></b></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對此,或許有人會擔心,<b>當開放網路鄉民來學習、評價學術殿堂的專業知識時,是否會讓學術討論</b></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">變成民粹、媚俗?</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或稀釋了原本的專業度?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實當一個社會在<b>某項專業在全球競爭間的水平愈高、但其社會內部專業與非專業間的差距愈少</b>,則代表這個社會在該領域擁有相對深廣、宛如源頭活水的堅實基礎,才能成為日後持續領先的關鍵。而要達到這樣既深且廣的發展,就需讓最高深的知識,透過瀑布般經過高、中、低階各層的轉譯、激盪、沖刷,最終帶動整體水平的提昇。而當台灣各個專業領域皆朝此方向發展時,我們的整體</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">社會文化福利水平怎能不提高?同時,對</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">於教育部、學術研究單位來說,研究者者藉此所創造的社會影響力,豈不是比<span lang="EN-US">SCI/ SSCI</span>的影響因子(<span lang="EN-US">impact factor</span>)更有價值?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">從孤獨的面對司法,轉向集體的改革行動</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">讓所有人都有接觸知識的自由,是史瓦茲畢生的理念。而他的行動正像魯迅小說「吶喊」中的主角,對於</span><i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">沉睡</span></i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">於<i><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;">失火</span></i>的鐵皮屋子中的人們的呼喊警醒,期盼他們甦醒、但也對眼前繼續沉睡的現況感到</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">深深地孤獨、絕望。而他犧牲背後更深刻的意義,或許是不再讓像他這樣的反抗者,在網路時代孤獨的面對體制的壓迫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在史瓦茲的人生的最後一程,他不僅被憂鬱症折磨,更因他抗拒承認自己是個重刑犯,所以需花百萬美元打官司、散盡家財,但他又為了避免觸怒地區法院法官而不願意公開向社會募款</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他的處境其實也是網路世代抗爭者的縮影:抗爭者坐在電腦前,即可影響輿論、爭取社會集體的公義。但當國家、資本因此對其個人發生壓迫時,<b>抗爭者卻將此壓迫關係內化並接受為個人所需背負的十字架,所以用個人化的方式來面對</b>,而當發現個人無法撼動體制後,結局輕則否定自我、否定運動的價值,重則如史瓦茲終結自己的生命。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">正因壓迫是結構性的,所以反抗的社會行動無法、也不可能是個人式的。當資本主義已幻化為各種細膩的壓迫進入人們的生活中,我們期盼將在社會改革道路上,踽踽獨行的個人重新凝結、聚集,透過集體性的改革行動來支撐並轉化結構性的壓迫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">摘自〈早逝的天才,網路神童與資訊自由鬥士——</span><span lang="X-NONE">Aaron Swartz</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">〉。</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://www.inside.com.tw/2013/01/15/aaron-swartz</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> JSTOR</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span lang="X-NONE">Journal
STORage</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、期刊存儲,創立於</span><span lang="X-NONE">1995</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年)是一個收集學術期刊的網路線上系統。它提供了對發表在數百本知名學術期刊上的文章的電子版全文搜索。</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">摘自任中原</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的報導:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">〈創</span><span lang="X-NONE">RSS</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、駭</span><span lang="X-NONE">MIT </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">電腦天才史瓦茲自殺亡〉</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">聯合報</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="X-NONE">2013.01.14</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">摘自鍾禎祥</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的報導:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">〈智財權走火入魔 美國民眾連署聲援網路神童史瓦茲〉</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130118/154417.htm</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此評論意見引述自〈學者的智慧</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期刊的財產</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">圖書館的業績</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">...</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或是負擔</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">?
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉。另外,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">SCI</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(科學引文索引,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Science
Citation Index</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">SSCI</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(社會科學引文索引,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social
Science Citation Index</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),為美國科學情報研究所(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISI</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)建立的綜合性自然、社科文獻資料庫,收錄超過</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";">5000</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多種國際性期刊,目前為台灣</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目前的</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大學、教授評鑑的重要參考依據。詳參</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://www.lib.hwh.edu.tw/NETS/SCI_SSCI.htm</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">詳見吳美美</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">馮建三</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">賴鼎銘</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">合著的</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">〈「知識公共化的突圍方式」記事〉</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">圖書資訊學研究</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">出版,民</span><span lang="X-NONE">95</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">JSTOR</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">官網聲明:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">JSTOR </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的任務只是促進全球學術知識的廣泛普及,我們對於從一開始就被捲入此一案件中而感到遺憾。」,原文詳見</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://about.jstor.org/statement-swartz">http://about.jstor.org/statement-swartz</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">詳見洪朝貴。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">扭曲的智財宣導及評鑑制度</span><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">迫使大學追逐</span><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「內耗型競爭力」</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://blog.ofset.org/ckhung/index.php?post/101a</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">引述自《新聞學研究》期刊第</span><span lang="X-NONE">100</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">期,編輯委員會撰寫的</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體;">「</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">自由使用</span><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">平等分享</span><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">不論疆界:《新聞學研究》百期光碟說明」</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「開放近用」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的定義來自「</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">布達佩斯開放近用提議</span><span lang="X-NONE">(Budapest
Open Access Initiative)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">創用</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">CC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">重視</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「保留部份權利」(</span><span lang="X-NONE">Some
Rights Reserved</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的相對思考與作法。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">詳見台灣創用</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">CC</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">計畫</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><a href="http://creativecommons.tw/explore">http://creativecommons.tw/explore</a></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">資料來源與註釋</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">相同。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">詳見</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black;">Lawrence Lessig</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">撰寫的</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Prosecutor
as bully </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(檢察官的霸凌)</span><span lang="X-NONE">http://lessig.tumblr.com/post/40347463044/prosecutor-as-bully</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"></span></div>
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<![endif]-->台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-45205855901105632962013-03-01T23:46:00.000+08:002013-03-03T23:48:32.247+08:00全民健保的美麗與哀愁<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ”保險的根本原則是風險分,..........</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這個多人保費來支撐少數者使用成本的體制需要精準 損益平衡、成本控管。但這與公共醫療的意義是截然不同,公共醫療的原則是社會福利而非社會保險,以不計成本效益、實際盈虧的投入資源滿足社會整體的醫療保健需求。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">----編者按 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2013</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月二代健保正式上路,家戶總所得制功敗垂成,立法院最終通過一般費率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">4.92%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,並另以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的補充保費擴大費基。但六大類補充保費項目,如租金、利息、股息與執行業務所得等引起諸多爭議。爭議焦點集中在擴大費基項目公平性不足,如針對利息、股息等資本利得並沒有嚴謹的防弊機制,對一般受薪階級、窮學生的加班費、打工薪資又形成沈重負擔,甚至同屬執行業務所得項目的藝人通告費得以用少領</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">元方式規避</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">全民健保自民國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">84</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年實施至今已</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,覆蓋率幾乎達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">100</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">%。雖屢次被執政者喻為台灣驕傲,但負債近千億</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是難以迴避的現實。解決健保負債也是本次健保改革的目標,但繁複的保費機制卻沒有面對健保負債的根本問題:公共醫療是否只能透過社會保險來實現?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">全民健保制度的根本構想為社會保險,即透過所有國民強制參與風險分擔來提供醫療需求,進而透過量能負擔,將高所得者如企業主等負擔高額保費挹注弱勢者達成。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">社會保險的困境</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這看似避免國家沈重負擔與社會公平的兩全之策,卻是這個制度的根本困境:保險的根本原則是風險分擔,意指個人健保醫療所需負擔的是平日的繳納的健保費,但個人患病所需要的醫療成本遠大於個人所繳納的健保費,其中差額透過其他沒有患病者的保費來支撐整體社會醫療需求。這個多人保費來支撐少數者使用成本的體制需要精準損益平衡、成本控管。但這與公共醫療的意義是截然不同,公共醫療的原則是社會福利而非社會保險,以不計成本效益、實際盈虧的投入資源,滿足社會整體的醫療保健需求。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以德國醫療保險經驗為例,覆蓋率與全民健保不遑多讓,高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">90.9%(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,且結合商業保險與政府出資的靈活機制。但其隨著社會大眾對於醫療品質的要求,國民醫療支出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(NHE)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日漸攀升,但於此同時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">GDP</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的成長卻日趨緩慢,甚至衰退。德國執政者一面承受調高一般費率將遭致大眾反彈,另一方面高所得者寧可選擇高價卻成本控管精準的商業保險。因此,德國健保的收入來源兩頭落空,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年已負債近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">110</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">億歐元</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">德國經驗印證了不論是費率隨工資浮動等機制,都難以回答用保險買</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">醫療商品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">與公共醫療間的必然矛盾。例如偏鄉的防疫、家庭醫科,雖看似僅為社會救助,卻為整體醫療防治的重要環節,若以保險成本論計絕不划算。又如工業發達國家,社會大眾對醫療品質日漸增高,受薪階級工資水平或資本家的利潤率卻未必同步,健保隨時面臨入不敷出。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">英國公醫制度</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">社會保險既有其根本困境,前衛生署長楊志良推崇的英國公醫制度是否為萬靈丹?英國公醫制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(NHS)(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">5)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">透過整體稅制的支持,將仍侷限於保險原則量能負擔改為累進稅率直接以所得進行公共資源的重分配。同時公立醫院來提供醫療服務,不但避免私人醫療企業上下齊手,利用公共支出大發橫財,更將醫療服務的供需跳脫商品買賣思維。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">英國公醫制度確實產生效率低落與官僚化的弊病,但改革關鍵不在預算管制或論件計酬,而在落實醫療公共化另一項概念:公共監督。醫療服務專業度高、訊息落差大,需要許多醫療專業的公民團體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">NGO</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的介入,特別是成立醫護人員工會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">6)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。工會不僅作為醫護人員勞動權益的捍衛者,更可發揮監督醫療資源運用的功能。</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">古巴經驗</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">醫療公共化的想像不止於此,古巴醫療體系值得學習。古巴公共醫療的優點可分為兩個層面,一為結合教育公共化,免費的醫療教育體系,讓醫療人力回歸各層次所需的專業能力,而非期待高薪回本的個人教育投資;二為社區醫療,透過醫療教育公共化訓練大量的基層人力,基層醫師靈活應用中醫針灸等從對民眾日常保健與照護做起,從根本節省醫療資源耗費</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">7)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。古巴這樣寶貴經驗不正可作為台灣克服藥物濫用或無效醫療的重要借鏡?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">回顧二代健保改革的狼狽,不僅導因於社會各界未能正視其台灣社會背景已然不同,更導因於未能打破醫療服務是商品的迷思。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">林子暉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">台灣公共化協會成員</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">許多通告藝人因超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">5000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">元執行業務所得會被算入補充保費,而選擇領</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">4999</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">元通告費來逃避。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">全民健保至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年負債超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">億。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/jojo-annann/article?mid=8238</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">3:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">德國社會保險制度,包含醫療保險創立於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1883</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2001</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年覆蓋率達到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">90.9%(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">資料來源:發達市場經濟國家的醫療體制改革經驗</span><span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">《比較》<span lang="EN-US">32</span>期</span><span lang="EN-US"> )</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">4:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">資料來源為南德日報</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.taiwantrade.com.tw/CH/bizsearchdetail/2982522/C/">http://www.taiwantrade.com.tw/CH/bizsearchdetail/2982522/C/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">5:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">英國公醫制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(National Health Service)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">創立於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1946</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,又被稱作貝佛里奇模式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">資料來源:社會保險的意義與社會福利體系</span><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">楊靜利</span> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">台灣社會福利學刊,</span><span lang="EN-US">2000)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">6:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">台灣醫師至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年尚未納入勞基法,無法組成工會,護理人員雖早已納入勞基法超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,但工會組織率仍低;台灣基層護理產業工會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年成立。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">參考《古巴醫療公共化對台灣偏鄉醫療的啟示》</span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">潘欣榮</span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://twpublic.blogspot.tw/2012/10/blog-post.html">http://twpublic.blogspot.tw/2012/10/blog-post.html</a></span></div>
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</span> </span></span>台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-67047094131208410752013-02-11T09:55:00.000+08:002013-02-11T10:16:48.804+08:00左翼視野:「悲慘世界」在台灣鐵道再次上演<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">■</span>黃德北、郭耀中<br />
<span style="color: #333333;"> "「全國關廠工人連線」臥軌的歷史畫面重演,工人再次用身體阻擋台鐵列車運行來表達 </span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;"> 抗議。「全國關廠工人連線」<span lang="EN-US">16</span>年來的抗爭經歷,真是台灣底層社會悲慘世界的縮影。我</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;"> 們不只要再次向「全國關廠工人連線」致敬,更應該站出來,與他們一起繼續爭取所有受</span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;"> 薪者應有的公道與權益。"</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"> ----編者按</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333;"></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333;"><a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></span><br /></div>
</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 「全國關廠工人連線」因勞委會回頭追討<span lang="EN-US">16</span>年前的支付費用,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月重啟抗爭至今,苦苦等不到勞委會的正面回應。卻於農曆年前收到勞委會所謂的解決方案,勞委會此舉無疑是破壞政府與工人間達成的承諾,更無意面對台灣歷史對勞工保護的缺失。「全國關廠工人連線」遂於蛋洗勞委會後前往台北車站,在苦等不到勞委會主委出面後,再次下月台臥軌,表達政府長期的漠視與怠責。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 勞委會提出的「三層」「切割」方案,是要勞工依年紀與經濟收入不同比例、打折償還欠款。但如果這筆錢是政府以貸款形式墊付的「代位求償」,勞工的退休金豈可打折?如果是政府借給勞工的「貸款」,勞委會又怎麼有權給勞工打折?勞委會一直不敢面對當年那筆錢究竟是屬於什麼性質才是最重要的問題。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 勞委會還對外宣稱表示,有些勞工已經還錢,顯示還錢勞工是承認那筆錢為貸款。但還錢的勞工多是南部工廠的勞工,當年那些南部工廠在關廠時由於資方與黑道勾結,使得南部工廠自救會後來解體,以致當銀行來催收欠款時,無助的勞工找不到人商量與協助,只有乖乖還款。但北部工廠自救會組織多仍維持運作,所以勞工遇到銀行催款時可以找到諮詢對象,也就不會去還錢。勞委會避重就輕、本末倒置的發言與心態,實在令人氣憤。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 勞委會先是聘請<span lang="EN-US">80</span>位律師向工人提告,此次制訂「切割」方案的過程,也完全不與勞工協商,連做出決策後也不告訴勞工,而是通知記者、再由記者轉告勞工。關廠工人歷經風霜仍盼不到勇於面對、肯為勞工維護權益的勞委會官員。這種視勞工如無物的處理方式,比<span lang="EN-US">16</span>年前勞動法令不完善時都還粗暴。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 16</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年前「全國關廠工人連線」的堅持抗爭,才逼使政府正視勞工的權益,一點一滴地完備勞動法令。他們卻因為勞委會公務人員注重考績及避免呆帳的堅持,不但落得「領無吃無」的窘境,更因為政府的卸責讓他們承受罵名。<span lang="EN-US">16</span>年了,這批關廠工人年華增長,如今還是得再次激烈行動,今昔相比,不勝欷噓!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 「全國關廠工人連線」臥軌的歷史畫面重演,工人再次用身體阻擋台鐵列車運行來表達抗議。「全國關廠工人連線」<span lang="EN-US">16</span>年來的抗爭經歷,真是台灣底層社會悲慘世界的縮影。我們不只要再次向「全國關廠工人連線」致敬,更應該站出來,與他們一起繼續爭取所有受薪者應有的公道與權益。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 10.5pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(世新大學社發所教授、台大城鄉所博士生)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span></span> </div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "SimSun","serif"; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">資料來源:台灣立報<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></div>
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</span>台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-23111937473235492442013-02-09T09:50:00.001+08:002013-02-11T09:55:27.605+08:00代位求償或債務義務?<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">▓</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">許若仁</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> ”以現有法律來看,關廠勞工的抗爭不合法;但其訴求不僅有充分正當性、合理性,而 且正是可透過這訴求來催生一套新的、合乎公義的法律!這是造法抗爭,<span lang="EN-US"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本質上也是革命 抗爭!區區妨礙公共交通,何足道哉。”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 近日一批關廠勞工要求政府應以「代位求償」性質,來定義多年前政府為處理關廠落跑企業所代付的積欠工資,從而免除勞工們所背負的不當債務。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 主流媒體的批評焦點為:政府當初支付給勞工的金額,既然已簽訂了貸款契約,理應有履行債務清償義務,否則基本法治規範就蕩然無存了。這說法乃是典型「凡是現實的就是合理的」之思維。既然現實中有既定的法律義務,怎能不遵行呢?<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 但,所謂依法行政,其正當性在於其法律本身是否體現合理價值觀,否則惡法亦法,公民自有權利不服從惡法。台灣的公司法中,僅片面規定了破產企業所積欠債款,可透過債務重整、法拍方式來一一清償其貸款銀行、出貨廠商債務,唯獨沒有一個條款規定其所積欠勞工的工資、退休金等該如何清償!<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 因此,我們的法律理當擬定一套積欠勞工的工資債務,破產企業應如何清償、<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">政府應如何承擔第三者義務來支付積欠工資,爾後再代位求償。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> 以現有法律來看,關廠勞工的抗爭不合法;但其訴求不僅有充分正當性、合理性,而且正是可透過這訴求來催生一套新的、合乎公義的法律!這是造法抗爭,<span lang="EN-US"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本質上也是革命抗爭!區區妨礙公共交通,何足道哉。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(作者為社會評論者) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">---資料來源:立報左右看專欄</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-126565</span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-59329950516816090632013-01-11T15:13:00.000+08:002013-01-11T16:36:56.496+08:00美國觀察之一:日常生活篇<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">▓</span></b>陳方隅<br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>”</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人口佔全球不到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5%</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但消耗全球近四分之一的能源、吃掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">15%</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的肉品、用掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">28%</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的紙張、擁有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">37%</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的汽車,平均來說消耗能源量是全球每人平均的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍、消耗的水資源是全球人均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,製造垃圾量為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,並且釋放出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍的溫室氣體。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">”</span></div>
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<a name='more'></a> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 筆者目前於美國留學,藉此專題版面對美國的校園、生活等各方面狀況提出一些觀察紀錄,主要依據為個人見聞。本篇介紹日常生活中的議題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">先
說小結,我對美國人的很多生活習慣非常看不順眼。剛到美國時就在隔壁的社區撿了很多家具(大至吸塵器與茶几,小至鍋碗瓢盆),這裡的學生搬家時帶不走的東
西就直接丟掉。在學校更可以感受到美國人浪費成性。電腦教室的電腦從來不關機,例假日也一樣,且影印裝置通常沒有雙面列印的選項。不管住家或公共場合,樓
梯間的燈都不關,連省電裝置也沒有。聽朋友說,夏天時冷氣壞掉而不冷,去向租屋管理處反映,管理員的答案是「那就一直開著就會冷了!」這可以反映出他們的
生活習慣。然而,雖很多人常常把還堪用的家具丟掉,生活上沒有任何節能減碳的概念,但美國人卻也很熱衷剪折價券(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">coupon</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)去省個區區幾塊錢,也常見到有人假日時就在自家車庫開起了「車庫拍賣」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">garage sale</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),把用不到的東西便宜出售。只能說對於物品與金錢的觀念差距極端。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓我們來看看一些統計數字。美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人口佔全球不到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但消耗全球近四分之一的能源、吃掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">15%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的肉品、用掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">28%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的紙張、擁有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">37%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的汽車(根據觀察,休旅車的比例很高,且一個人行駛的比比皆是),平均來說消耗能源量是全球每人平均的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍、消耗的水資源是全球人均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,製造垃圾量為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍,並且釋放出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍的溫室氣體。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以前看這些數據只覺得美國人太浪費,來這邊有一種「原來如此」的感覺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對
留學生來說,自己煮飯是必要的技能,因為外食費高且口味不一定合。不過嚴格說起來,美國的生活物價其實不算太高,若能自己煮飯,每月的伙食費與在台灣時相
當(當然在都會區昂貴許多,筆者並非在大城市生活)。貴的部份在於人工(聯邦政府規定的基本薪資為台灣的兩倍左右),所以外食費很貴,但生活所需則還好,
例如:有些肉類並不比台灣貴,牛奶、起司等則便宜許多。不過,我一直覺得很多東西吃起來味道就是不太對,尤其肉類好像都不夠香。常懷疑是自己太想家,因心
理作用而覺得很多東西煮起來味道不對,但很多人都這樣覺得,而且不只是台灣人。推測有可能是使用太多生長激素與化肥的結果?(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">博士生的功課壓力很大,平時最大的快樂大概就是「購物」,因為這邊不時就會有各式各樣的促銷活動,且各種名目都有;許多服飾、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3C</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">產品、化粧品等商品都比台灣要便宜許多。平時消費幾乎都不會用到現金,都是用金融卡、信用卡,或者是支票也非常普遍。高度競爭的市場機制,加上全球分工的生產線,讓消費者可以享有低廉的物價水準。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在這樣的現象背後有幾點值得討論。首先是高度的不平等:美國有九分之一的家庭、三分之一<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993" name="_GoBack"></a>的人口未擁有任何銀行帳戶,比例較已開發國家高許多。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)第二,美式食物的高油脂和高鹽份與糖份讓肥胖率居高不下,而日常生活中,所謂的垃圾食物(各種速食連鎖店)售價又相對便宜,所以收入較低的家庭「只能」大量消費這些食物,讓肥胖率更惡化。第三,便宜的產品其實建立在消費者看不到的「剝削」之上。例如電子產品,美國公司掌握關鍵技術,在代工方面往往將價錢壓到最低,但是又反過頭來指責代工廠(例如富士康)的勞動品質不佳。這就是「全球化」。再舉一個更貼近生活的例子,研究生的精神食糧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">咖啡,全球咖啡市場超過六成是經由期貨交易被四大通路商壟斷,(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)小農幾乎沒有任何議價的空間,種愈多賠愈多。至於我們所食用的各種食品,也已經有書藉和紀錄片揭露其中可怕的製程,例如《美味代價》。(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)同樣的道理,大公司掌控了大多數的商品售價,並且對政策制定過程具有無比的影響力。因此,像是美國的油價比起全球許多地方都相對便宜(比台灣便宜,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公升約台幣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">30</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元上下浮動),讓車廠可以持續製造體積大、耗油且不耐用的汽車;刺激消費其實很大程度來自浪
費的習慣。也就是說,美國極為便利與享受的生活型態,其實是建立在剝削他國勞工、剝削地球環境及動植物資源、犧牲人體健康的基礎上。這些都是我們在享受現
代便利生活的時候必須思考的現象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">限於篇幅,其他層面的觀察留待下回文章。但值得繼續省思的是,愈開放與自由的「市場機制」,真的能帶來最美好的生活型態嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(作者為「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrew
Buncombe, "US Population Hits 300 Million, but Is It Sustainable?" <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Independent</i>, 2006/10/11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;管淑平編譯,〈用掉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍水、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍油 美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億人消耗全世界資源?〉《東森新聞報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2006/10/17</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:有些蔬菜(尤其蔥蒜類)也會有如此感覺。建議參閱:陳俊堯,〈有機草莓為什麼比較好吃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">? </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012/6/10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://pansci.tw/archives/17510</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:相較於</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已開發國家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">89%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人民擁有</span><span class="il"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">銀行</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">帳戶,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">許多美國人因為收入太低、不願負擔額外的管理費等原因而不與銀行往來,參閱</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參閱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Banking in the Developing World: The
poor are different.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Economist</i>,
2012/4/20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Michael Sivy, “Why So Many Americans
Don’t Have Bank Accounts.”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Time</i>.
2012/11/20. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">更詳細的「美國移民工與借貸經濟」討論可參閱:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Michael D. Yates,
"Capitalism Is Rotten to the Core." <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monthly Reviews</i>, 2006/5. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,一件很弔詭的事情是,若要貸款或者是申辦信用卡,首先必須要有「信用紀錄」;但是要累積信用紀錄必須持有信用卡。學生們通常會在學校的信用合作社(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Credit Union</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)辦理一張受限的安全信用卡(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">secured card</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,要押一定的存款作為信用額度),以累積信用紀錄。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:瑞士的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雀巢公司,及美國的卡夫特(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥斯威爾)、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">莎拉李、寶鹼</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "儷宋 Pro"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洪輝祥,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le";">http://www.greenff.com.tw/?m1=goods&gmid=11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。關於糧食問題,請參閱:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來自咖啡產地的急件</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">糧食戰爭</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Microsoft Tai Le"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。關於美國的社會分析與批判,可參考</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monthly
Reviews</span></i><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">月刊<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">。</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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Weber</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">整理之同名書藉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-73302200189813066072013-01-11T01:00:00.000+08:002013-01-11T16:29:58.071+08:00從蘇花高到美麗灣,談環境抗爭邁向合作經濟的可能性<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">環境運動要突破環保與經濟二選一的矛盾,勢必要找出新的訴求來回應基層民眾對溫 飽的經濟需求。美麗灣、蘇花高都是在資本主義大開發經濟模式下的手段,倘若我們反對 這手段,勢必要提出另一種經濟模式。”</span><br />
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<![endif]--></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>台東縣政府</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日召開美麗灣環評審查會議,會議場內閉門決議有條件通過,場外則是贊成、反對美麗灣的民眾,各自呼喊看似平行的兩個訴求。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">根據苦勞網的報導,贊成的台東鄉親抱怨因著地理的阻隔,使得政府資源分配不均、企業長期不願投資。希望美麗灣作為火車頭,能創造更多返鄉工作機會、比打零工還穩定的薪水,可以擺脫靠著社福資源、缺乏尊嚴的生活。為達此目標,應透過「台東自決」來擺脫環保團體、台北人干預台東的發展。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">至於反美麗灣的環保人士則提出美麗灣違法在先、環評無效定讞,所以應先拆除,並質疑環評會的適法性。對於有條件通過,環保團體誓言將繼續「訴訟」。地球公民基金會執行長李根政並表示很難過台東居民就業不易,但也質疑缺就業機會的責任,在於幾任縣長都無法創造就業機會、表示縣長們能力不足。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">事實上,美麗灣環評會場、贊成與反對支持者對峙的場景,幾乎和蘇花高爭議如出一轍,只是場景從花蓮轉往台東。而在公民社會中,狹隘的區域主義、在地自決,只會排除對環境公共性議題的理性討論,逐步走向民粹,造成本地與外地、經濟與環保的二元對立(詳見「反蘇花高背後,不能說的秘密」,彭昱融、潘欣榮著)。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">此外,在法治社會,台東縣府的違法先例一開、往後所有開發案都必放行,絕對會造成生態的浩劫。但是縣府能違法蠻幹的前提,是在地的贊成興建民眾的利益和縣府緊密相依。倘若反對力量無法針對贊成派的利益著手説服,縱使開發案停止,都只會加深雙方未來長期的敵意,更遑論讓「人與自然平衡發展」的理念植入在地人心中。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">所以,環境運動要突破環保與經濟二選一的矛盾,勢必要找出新的訴求來回應基層民眾對溫飽的經濟需求。美麗灣、蘇花高都是在資本主義大開發經濟模式下的手段,倘若我們反對這手段,勢必要提出另一種經濟模式。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">財團無法提供新經濟模式</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">然而,環保團體批評前歷任縣長無能、無法創造就業機會。我們都知道,台灣中央地方政府創造就業的主要方法除了政府直接僱用、就是向財團招商。但事實上新模式無法倚賴財團:因為公司的成立目的是營利(公司法第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">條),而在台灣經濟成長率保</span><span lang="EN-US">1%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">都有困難、全國產業發展會議「連十五K都到不了」的今日,除非像美麗灣般能藉壟斷資源來獲取暴利的</span><span lang="EN-US">BOT</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">開發,財團才會有興趣,除此之外要期盼縣府説服財團來提供投資,更是天方夜譚。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">所以,我們勢必要找到在私人資本之外的答案,而「合作社」可能是替代或補充的答案。根據合作社的法定定義,是依平等原則,在互助組織之基礎上,以共同經營方法(勞動者自我僱用)謀社員(勞動者)經濟之利益與生活之改善。以下,我們介紹國外的合作社案例,以及花蓮具合作社雛型的社區。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="EN-US">Humanity at work!</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">以人為本的蒙德拉貢</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">根據陳方隅</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span lang="EN-US"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">的研究,蒙德拉貢是坐落在西班牙北部一個山區小城,</span><span lang="EN-US">1941</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年阿瑞曼戴瑞塔神父(</span><span lang="EN-US">José María Arizmendiarrieta</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)開始推廣合作教育與神學教育。十五年後,</span><span lang="EN-US">1956</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年他與</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">位學生正式創立此區的第一個合作社:生產鍋碗瓢盆等廚具,擴充到現在有超過</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">萬</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">千名員工,年營收達</span><span lang="EN-US">147</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">億歐元(</span><span lang="EN-US">5,627</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">億台幣)的合作社集團,且為西班牙第七大商業集團。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span lang="EN-US"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">蒙德拉貢企業跨足許多產業,包括製造業、農牧業、服務業、零售業,並提供員工養老院、醫療服務,也自辦大學、銀行。在</span><span lang="EN-US">1990</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年代初期,蒙德拉貢所處的巴斯克地區失業率達</span><span lang="EN-US">25%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">,但蒙德拉貢的總體就業量仍沒有下降,他如何辦到的?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">他們重視公益性的分享,所以最高水準工程師報酬要低於西班牙同等水準工程師三成左右,但是對於企業的認同率卻比一般企業高出許多。因為員工透過社員聯合大會民主決策大方向,並充分授權經營團隊作靈活的操作,於是員工自己與企業劃上等號,才會得出富創意、以人為本的產業模式;平等及民主的收入分配使全體成員更加努力工作,而民主參與亦可以減少監督成本。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從十九世紀的「合作運動」以來,合作社企業已經成為第三部門經濟的重要面向,目前全球的合作社社員人數已逾</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">億人,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span lang="EN-US"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">而今年(</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">)為聯合國訂定的「國際合作社年」,推行合作社企業已被視為消除貧窮、提升人權的重要手段。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span lang="EN-US"><span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">除了國外,台灣也有主婦聯盟消費合作社、司馬庫斯原住民營造勞動合作社等成功案例。而在台東的鄰居</span><span lang="EN-US">---</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">花蓮,也有兩個具合作雛型的社區。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">富興社區:透過農業找尋生態系的平衡</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">在花蓮縣瑞穗鄉的富興社區,有座特別的生態農場,農場負責人賴萌宏期盼農民能從使用農藥、化學肥料的慣行農法,轉變成有機農法,所以透過募款向台糖租地、再無償提供給農民耕作,並強調不捕捉、不毒殺吃農產的動物,讓農民學習與動物分享食物。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">當此過程能吸引生態觀光、農產消費者而讓農民收入成長時,他們就會願意將生態農場的技術,帶回到自家田地。這擴散過程讓整個生態系復育,也創造經濟與環境的雙贏、人與自然的平衡。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">此外,生態農場也強調公益性分配,農場公田的盈餘除了作為農場運作基金外,其餘將作為社區福利金,讓其他即使沒有參與農場實地耕作的居民,也能享有公益性的福利。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">邦查農場,讓部落重新思考金錢與價值</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">另外一個案例,是花蓮縣原住民族永續農業文化發展協會,在光復鄉經營的邦查農場,他們的農場經理蘇秀蓮説:「有錢出錢、有力出力」這句話讓部落被錢綁架,讓人情變得淡薄,什麼都要錢的結果,是沒有拿到的會失落,拿到的會習慣、甚至產生依賴。他認為部落族人的確要有溫飽的收入,但更重要的是我們不要用錢來誘惑人。取而代之的是大家平等、都要出力,所以合作互助可讓部落重新思考金錢與價值。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">而目前台灣公共化協會,期盼讓富興、邦查等社區共同建立平台,未來可相互交流、學習彼此的強項,如生態旅遊、農業等,並申請勞委會多元就業案來讓經驗</span><span lang="EN-US">sop</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">化、而能擴散到花蓮、台東各地。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">創建台灣的環境合作新價值</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">美麗灣環評的強渡關山,固然對於長期關心此議題的朋友是個挫傷,但療傷治癒最好的方法,或許不只是繼續訴訟、集中在環保訴求,而是掌握這個契機,擺脫資本主義對我們環境、經濟議題的分化、隔離。期盼更多關心環境議題的朋友,能從對合作經濟的「關心」,更進一步瞭解、參與,甚至「直接連結訴求與實踐」。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">從</span><span lang="EN-US">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">世紀以來北歐、加拿大等地的合作社運動,在在告訴我們一切向錢看的資本主義模式並不是帶人類往美好生活的唯一方式,至於替代道路是什麼,我們也正在摸索與實驗當中,但可以確定的是已經有很多的案例顯示出這種著重人與人、人與環境關懷的合作經濟,是一種可欲的、美好的</span>
<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">替代與補充(摘自陳方隅論文)。</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; line-height: 150%;">我們相信環境運動的目標不僅是反對開發,更是創建台灣的新價值,期盼照耀著每年第一道曙光的台東,能和花蓮共同成為環保與合作經濟結合的開端。</span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體; line-height: 150%;">參考讀本:陳方隅,<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年。「社會經濟」的在地實踐:論合作經濟與花蓮案例可行性。台大政治</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; line-height: 150%;">學研究</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體; line-height: 150%;">所</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 新細明體; line-height: 150%;">碩士</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 微軟正黑體; line-height: 150%;">論文。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">本段數據取自該集團官方網站,目前更新至</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年:</span><span lang="EN-US">http://www.mondragon-corporation.com</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">參閱國際合作聯盟官方網站統計資料區:</span><span lang="EN-US">http://www.ica.coop/coop/statistics.html</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span> <span lang="EN-US">Accessed: 2012/2/20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; line-height: 150%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">聯合國大會在</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">18</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">日通過</span><span lang="EN-US">64/136</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">決議,請參閱:</span><span lang="EN-US">http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/dev2784.doc.htm</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">Accessed: 2012/2/20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">。</span></span></div>
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台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-14602234401508459472012-12-25T18:51:00.002+08:002013-01-11T16:37:58.704+08:00論述一個政治英雄人物:美國總統林肯(上)<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">” </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">若左翼者只有結構分析與唯物史觀來解讀所有事物,而忽略了經驗現象上的種種細 膩、局部、甚至微觀的政治事物,如政治手段與目的的緊張關係、各多元價值與</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">利益的整合、乃至於人際關係的處理等,那左翼者就不免淪於粗暴的教條主義者,只有終極理念、只有結構批判,而永遠無法在現實經驗中透過各種現實條件之限制</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">與便利,落實達成左翼的理想。”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">----</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">編者按</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a> <span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">前言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">一般史家皆公認,美國的第十六任總統,林肯,乃是美國歷史上第一流總統,不僅可與美國當年開國元老的幾位總統,如華盛頓、傑佛遜或近世於二次大戰期間四連</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">任的羅斯福等人比肩,而論其歷史功績與受人民愛戴程度而言,大約可在美國至今</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">44</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">任總統中排名第二位,僅次於美國國父華盛頓。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">但林肯不僅是因外在的政治成就顯赫而著名,他個人早期的貧困而坎苛生涯(父母是不識字的農夫)、幾乎毫無正式學校教育背景(僅受了約一年的正式學校教</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">育)、中年步入政壇後的屢遭打擊與失敗(在聯邦層級的職位上,在他當選總統前,僅當選過一任兩年的眾議員;而後兩次競選參議員均失敗),以筆者了解,應是</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">至今美國歷任總統中之最。換言之,以林肯在如此缺乏一般學經歷背景與社會資源條件下,卻能在美國政治歷史上最嚴厲的考驗時刻中功績昭昭,在美國歷史中是無</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">人出其右。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">毫無疑問,林肯個人生命歷程以及他所身處史無前例的美國內戰時代,百多年來一向是史家們所特別著力研究、論述,與一般對美國政治有興趣讀者們的熱門題目。</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">筆者過去也曾翻閱過幾本號稱經典的林肯傳,這些經典傳記大抵著墨於林肯早年奮鬥向上、中年於政壇中堅持理想而成功重新統一美國、廢棄奴隸制度等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">這些傳記大都生動描述林肯的慈愛而幽默的性格、忍耐而持重的脾氣、睿智而質樸的政治個性等等,從而能以德、以智來服眾,從而帶領美國渡過最嚴峻的分裂時代而重歸統一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">然而,今年剛出版的林肯政治傳記中譯本(英文原著書名為:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Team
of Rivals</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">,直譯可為「政敵團隊」;副題為:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">,「林肯的政治天才」),書名為「無敵」,卻是別開生面地專注於林肯如何以高超的政治手腕來收編他過去黨內外的政治對手來作為他的內閣成員,以這政敵團隊來治理當時瀕於分崩離析的美國(包括留在聯邦內的北方諸州彼此對南方、奴隸制看法也有相當尖銳的衝突)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993" name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftn1" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">此書主題雖為林肯的政治應對、操控政局的實踐歷史,但此書的取材與論述方向,乃是以綜觀的廣闊歷史格局,多方徵引林肯主要、次要政治對手之私人日記、家庭</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">內部通信等來映照他們個人與林肯互動經驗感受,以及他們自己對時局的看法等等。此外,作者也廣泛選取當時媒體、政界對時局、林肯各項政策的實際評價(一開</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">始往往都是負面),而生動且深刻地呈現出當時整體的政局風貌與歷史氛圍。可以說,以筆者相對有限的美國政治歷史的閱讀經驗來說,此書讓我真正理解林肯總統</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">的歷史特殊性,與他所體現的幾乎是難以置信之英雄般的高貴品德與傑出才能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">但本文並非是這本林肯政治傳記的書評,而是以左翼知識份子的立場與觀點來思考林肯總統在其政治生涯中所多方呈顯的政治智慧、能力,並評析其對政治哲學與左翼運動基本問題的啟發。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">一、美國南北對立的經濟分析</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">若從傳統的左翼政治立場出發,則我們可以非常教條、粗糙而以政治正確的口吻來界定林肯總統乃是美國資本主義社會的資產階級總統。他個人所代表、所執行的政</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">策,不過是美國當時北方之工業資本各方利益集團的歷史發展趨向,而與阻擋其工業資本發展亟需的土地(如西部各地建制為州)與人力資源(當時南方非洲裔奴隸</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">之南方諸州有著嚴重的利益衝突,因此他解放非洲裔奴隸的宣言,也不過是反映更根本性質的階級利益。上層結構的價值觀、道德觀語言,不過是其下層結構之物質</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">生活利益的反映而已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">從當時的時代背景來看,美國的南北方的確在經濟與社會生活上有著巨大而鮮明的差異。當時的美國南方各洲的主要經濟活動方式,幾乎都是大種植園的莊園經濟,</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">許多大地主擁有眾多非洲裔奴隸來為他們的高度勞力密集棉花業來採集棉花,並以大量而低廉價格(因為奴隸的勞力成本非常低)來出口到西歐賺取外匯。但南方這</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">種農業經濟到了約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1830</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">年代以後,就快速地落後於更加迅速發展的美國與西歐以工業發展為主軸的資本主義腳步,而日益成為一個老大不堪、逐漸凋敝的社經區</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">域。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">在此時,南方各洲為了挽救自己日益下沉的經濟,只有更嚴酷剝削奴隸、更大量進口購買非洲裔奴隸。這種種非常惡質壓迫手段所帶來的各種恐怖社會現象,讓北方沒有蓄奴社會經驗的知識份子難以忍受與認同。這是南北方在價值觀上的嚴重衝突。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">其次,北方的資本主義是典型的自由市場的僱用勞動,需要更多自由勞工能夠隨著各地工廠生產所需而彈性流動,而非人身不自由,被綁在莊園內屬於奴隸主的奴隸。這種對於勞力資源不同需求與認知,當然也是南北方經濟利益衝突之一。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">其三,作為一個正發展中新興的資本主義社會,美國北方各洲經濟與當時西歐各國處於相互激烈競爭態勢,需要關稅保護政策來先擴大國內市場,累積自己的資本。</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">但南方各洲卻恰恰相反。他們低廉的如棉花產品,乃是西歐紡織工業的所需工業原料,因此彼此的開放貿易才符合南方各洲經濟利益。這又帶來了南北方對於國際外</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">交、國際經濟不同的立場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">但更直接而尖銳的衝突,卻是政治領土與政治統治權的搶奪。當時西部剛開拓領土但尚未建州,就成為南北雙方激烈搶奪主導權的焦點,因為蓄奴的南方人若以多數</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">人佔領了西部某一州,就可主導該州為「蓄奴州」,則在參議院內有兩席參議員來行使聯邦國會議員的權利;反之,若是北方人能主導該州成為「自由州」,則這聯</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">邦國會議員的席次就會落入非蓄奴者手上。這對西部各州新政治版圖的搶奪,不僅牽涉南北雙方土地與人力資源的增長,更直接聯繫美國聯邦中央政府的決策權力。</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">若是蓄奴州越多,則擁護蓄奴的參議員席次就越多,那整個美國社經制度的立法、政策方向就會被奴隸制所主導;反之,則不然。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">不言可喻,這種基於價值觀、經濟利益與政治統治利益的尖銳衝突,在當時幾乎已非言談論辯就能解決。因為,這是美國於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1776</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">年開國以來就有南北雙方之蓄奴</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">與非蓄奴的兩種社經制度分歧,而在當時,之所以還可彼此容忍而相安無事,主因在於:當時的美國工業資本主義尚未強勁發展,尚未如資本主義向上全力發展時所</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">需要的大規模生產力投入、大市場的統一等等,以至於彼此對於土地、人力資源的爭奪尚未上升為敵我矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">但隨著十九世紀中期以來,在美國現代資本主義日復一日的前進發展步伐下,需要統一的市場、統一的社經制度,更需要自由流動的勞動力與更符合生產力完全發展</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">的生產關係時,南方這種落後於現實所需的奴隸制,就成為北方資本主義規律下所必須去除的根本障礙。在這客觀無比的經濟現實下,所有廢奴的言論都會得到物質</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">基礎的印證,更會染上無比光輝的道德色彩。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">這南北雙方的政治對立,大約從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1830</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">年代開始一路加深彼此的敵視而終至於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1861</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">年的南北戰爭爆發;而林肯步入政壇,開始嶄露頭角的年代,正是與此劃時</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">代的歷史過程同步!可以說,林肯的政治生命是為了南北衝突與化解而生,也為其而死;他的歷史角色的地位,端視其如何處理這歷史挑戰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">----</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">而林肯打了一個</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">全壘打。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">二、林肯的政治藝術</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">如果我們從上述的經濟與社會之結構角度來分析,我們固然可以論證說林肯只是成功的執行了他的結構角色,而他所完成的偉大歷史任務,不過是解決了更深一層的生產力與生產關係矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">對於左翼來說,結構分析與唯物史觀的思路,當然是首要與根本的,否則我們就難以自圓其說地自認為左翼者;但若左翼者只有結構分析與唯物史觀來解讀所有事</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">物,而忽略了經驗現象上的種種細膩、局部、甚至微觀的政治事物,如政治手段與目的的緊張關係、各多元價值與利益的整合、乃至於人際關係的處理等,那左翼者</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">就不免淪於粗暴的教條主義者,只有終極理念、只有結構批判,而永遠無法在現實經驗中透過各種現實條件之限制與便利,來落實達成左翼的理想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">台灣公共化協會成員<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993" name="_ftn1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3967783803147651993#_ftnref1" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">《無敵》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Doris Goodwin,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">譯者:高育慈等,(大塊文化出版有限公司,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2012)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<![endif]-->台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-12621864920636570022012-12-25T18:51:00.000+08:002013-01-11T16:39:14.932+08:00論述一個政治英雄人物:美國總統林肯(中)<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">▓</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">姚欣進</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span></div>
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”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;"> 一個真正有意義的政治,一個偉大的政治人物,乃是能將理念價值透過非常有效率的策略手段來達成,目的與手段、理念與策略從來都不應二分的。只有理念,而</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">不知透過實踐將其落實,這種人物不是教條主義者就是孤芳自賞的書生;只有手段而不問是非,那就是我們所習見的滿街政客了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">----</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">編者按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">一、現代政治的困局</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">要討論林肯總統政治藝術之前,我們必須先簡要分析現代政治的特色,並以此來映照林肯總統的不凡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">對於熟悉現代政治實踐歷史的讀者來說,現代政治有兩個基本特色:非倫理性質的技術化、專業化,以及政治行動的多變性、偶然性。前者即為韋伯所精闢分析現代</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">資本主義社會理性化產物。政治,成為一個不問終極價值,而只側重在手段效益的理性操作領域。因此,所謂政治,不過是個別政治人物、政黨追求權力、掌握權力</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">之各種策略手段的工具理性實踐。政治,不再是攸關公共利益,追求公義的價值理性的實踐,而是極端講究策略操控的權位角逐。至於這龐大的權力所要服務的目</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">的,卻是在所不問。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">其次,現代政治更隨著多元化、持續變化中的社會潮流而毫無固定面貌。所謂「民意如流水」,政治顯然難有其內在規律。在現代多元社會裡,對於一個有政治企圖</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">心的政客來說,他最大的政治挑戰乃是如何將不同價值觀、不同利益團體,在多端變化的時刻裡,凝聚最大的為支持力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">換句話說,現代政治舞台的風貌卻永遠是多變的,它需要細膩、靈活而且根據具體場合來分析。而對於一個政治人物來說,他要成功的必要條件之一,就是善於掌握各種有利、多元歧異,而且許多偶然的因素,來整合為他自己的政治力量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">上述現代政治的兩大特色,工具理性與多元整合性,早已成為現代資本主義社會的政治運作標準,而且越是成成熟的資本主義社會的政治人物,就越能嫻熟地掌控策</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">略手段、整合多元勢力。如八十年代的英美領袖,柴契爾夫人與雷根總統,都是當時非常得民心的政治領袖。他們都有能言善道的本領、個人魅力,並訴諸於基本價</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">值觀,如個人自主、官僚政府批判、乃至於民族情感等來將藍領、中產階級與財團勢力,這些原本在社精利益應是階級對抗的群眾,卻成功整合起來成為投下神聖一</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">票給這兩位新自由主義的代表人物。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">然而,從左翼的觀點來看,政治若離開了其倫理價值觀的訴求,即實質理性、價值理性的堅持,政治不僅淪於一種毫無靈魂的技術操作,而且不過是爭權奪利的醜陋</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">戲碼。然而,如何將終極的價值理念與非倫理性質的策略操作結合,乃是對一個政治人物能否成為一個偉大政治家的真正考驗。而這考驗,對於絕大多數的資本主義</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">社會政治人物來說,都是不可承受之重。絕大多數的主流政治人物都是深諳策略手段、精於操控群眾的成功政客,從而將許多不利的政治情境轉化為自己的政治勝利</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">(如我們的前總統陳水扁,當年以不到百分之四十得票率而當選),但這政治勝利的成果,如果沒有緊扣住崇高的理念價值,那這種政治可說是沒有目的、沒有實質</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">價值、策略至上的政治虛無主義。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">事實上,當年提出工具理性的韋伯,在其著名的「政治做為一種志業」的演講中,就很犀利而自覺到這現代資本主義社會的政治困境:在一個沒有終極價值的時代</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">理,政治充其量之只能成為向自己政治行為後果負責的責任倫理時,即政治僅能以政治人物的手段策略來判斷其好壞時,那所謂心志倫理、終極價值又如何進入政治</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">領域中,並與策略手段相結合呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">也就是說,一個真正有意義的政治,一個偉大的政治人物,乃是能將理念價值透過非常有效率的策略手段來達成,目的與手段、理念與策略從來都不應二分的。只有</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">理念,而不知透過實踐將其落實,這種人物不是教條主義者就是孤芳自賞的書生;只有手段而不問是非,那就是我們所習見的滿街政客了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">在這現代政治的困局背景下,筆者重讀林肯傳記,才恍然了解林肯的政治藝術正在於:他能完美地將政治目的與政治手段、理念價值與策略相結合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">二、堅定的立場與穩重的行動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">本文的上篇,已略述了在美國南北戰爭爆發前,美國社會在實質上已形成兩種不同的社經體系:一為欣欣向榮的北方工業資本,強調的自由市場競爭、自由勞動力、</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">自由資本的流動;另一為南方的農業莊園經濟,要求的是束縛在土地與奴隸主上的奴隸生產制度。為了整體美國生產力的大幅躍進,北方資本主義要打破的是南方這</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">種落後的生產關係,不僅是要解放在其嚴酷壓制下的非洲裔農奴,更是解放其生產力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">因此,當時美國政界人物大約有三種類別:廢奴派(甚至不惜主動發動戰爭,以廢除奴隸制)、反奴派(不同意奴隸制,但不會進一步要求廢除南方現有奴隸制,而</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">是限縮奴隸制不能再擴張)、擁奴派(不僅保持奴隸制,而且因為經濟利益需求,還要繼續擴大美國各州都能蓄奴)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 140%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">林肯的政治立場乃是非常鮮明的反奴派。他整個政治生涯中,始終是以反奴而非廢奴為主軸來實踐他的政治理念。林肯在政治生涯的初期,就明確而堅定的批判奴隸</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">制,但在當選總統後,他甚至寫文章公開發表說,他不是為了廢奴而打仗,他之所以發動戰爭乃是為維護美國憲法所規定的統一體制,因為南方諸州脫離聯邦是違憲</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">的。而且林肯在當選總統前的整個五十年代,他對南方諸州蓄怒制都主張採取溫和政策,即不去廢除南方已有蓄奴制,只要求這蓄奴制不再擴大即可。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">林肯當年這溫和立場,飽受激進的廢奴者批判,激進者覺得林肯對奴隸制過於妥協了,不敢信任他能阻擋蓄奴制的擴張。這些激進者批判包括遠在大西洋彼岸的馬克思!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">馬克思與恩格斯當年都在美國報刊上寫專欄,彼此之間也針對當時的美國南北對峙局勢,頻繁地通信討論,而馬克思多次評論林肯的政治表現與轉變。在歷經四年南</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">北戰爭之後,馬克思對林肯的政治表現總結說,「他不屈不饒地向他的偉大目標邁進」,筆者要補充說,林肯是在一個非常宏觀而前瞻的眼光,以其非常精彩的策略</span><span style="font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: inherit; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: inherit;">手段,與穩健步伐來向他解放奴隸的目標邁進的。林肯何以至此,請見下篇。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
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<![endif]-->台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-49881820135898538712012-12-25T18:50:00.002+08:002013-01-11T16:39:59.910+08:00論述一個政治英雄人物:美國總統林肯(下)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">▓</span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">姚欣進<span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></div>
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”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span>林肯非常精確而堅定的掌握當時趨勢與他的底線。林肯堅決主張,在尚未建州的新區域,絕不能容許奴隸制,蓄奴制僅限於目前已有多年傳統的南方諸州內,不得 擴張蔓延。林肯之所以採取這妥協、容忍的立場,而非全面否決南方諸州目前的蓄奴制,乃是林肯深知,隨著南方莊園經濟逐漸沒落,自由州持續繁榮的趨勢下,蓄
奴制難以為繼只是時間問題,而當前關鍵乃是先維護這統一政治體。這基本條件不解決的話,後續的廢奴也就不可能了。<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一、林肯是「中間路線」的政治人物?<span lang="EN-US"></span></span>
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</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本系列的上一篇文章中,筆者已指出,對於現代政治人物能否夠格稱得上真正偉大的政治家之最大考驗,乃是如何在政治目的與手段之間得到最佳平衡。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一方面,一個稱得上是政治人物者,而非平庸的政客,就須有超越現實之上的理想價值;但僅有崇高的理念,而不顧現實條件來強力實踐的話,不是成為教條主義,
就是孤芳自賞者,而被現實所擊敗、拋棄。另一方面,政治有其獨立的領域,但這領域卻往往是由策略、現實利益等所組合而成,因此一個能在現實中生存的政治人 物,也就往往僅止於政治手段、策略本身的操作成功而已,但這些政治策略手段卻無關乎理想價值。尤其是在近代西方資本主義社會益驅穩定的格局裡,一般政治人
物難有什麼突破性的理念來追求,而是只要能接合、操控各方利益於一身,就會是一個成功政治家。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此,在近代西方資本主義社會精緻而現實格局下,在面對重大政治或經濟危機時,政治人物最常走的路線,就不外乎是「中間」路線,而不太可能去挑戰或完成這
崇高理念與現實手段的平衡。在面對重大危機時,這些政治人物就必須以改革者面貌出現,雖標舉一些與傳統不同的理念價值,但絕不可能逾越主流體制基本架構; 而在手段上,就必然以貌似進步,實則高度妥協立場來結合各方利益以鞏固自己的政治統治地位。這些中間路線者,包括了八十年代手持玫瑰花上任,大搞左右共治
的法國社會黨總統密特郎(中間偏左)、九十年代崛起的英國工黨首相布來爾(中間偏左;徹底放棄了英國工黨傳統的左翼政治路線),或現任美國總統歐巴馬(中 間偏右,社經政策充其量之不脫三十年代新政架構)。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">換言之,政治光譜上的中間路線者,本質上乃是一個投機主義者,以溫和改革之名而行隨勢而為的政治統治。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">那麼,我們又該如何評價林肯總統呢?在當年,在廢奴、反奴、與蓄奴三大立場的光譜上,他難道不是一位介於激進的廢奴與保守反動的蓄奴之間,所謂雖反對蓄奴但卻不肯立即而鮮明地提出廢除奴隸制度主張,而寧願走中間路線的政治人物嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">二、「聖之時者」<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">林肯總統當然不是立場搖擺、手段投機的中間路線人物。他當年對奴隸制的政治立場,長久以來都是相對溫和反奴,而非更進步的廢奴立場,主要是林肯乃是一個非
常政治現實的人物。但這政治現實主義卻從未使林肯放棄其終極政治價值的信念,相反的,正是因為林肯深諳政治現實的必要性,才使他在捍衛、追求終極政治價值 時,更能務實、靈活運用客觀現實條件,來服務其理念的落實。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">對於林肯來說,目標與手段不僅是密切結合,而且會因階段性客觀環境的變化,而會有目標與手段彼此之間的互換、錯置。事實上,目的與手段的辯證關係非常鮮明
地表現在林肯對南北戰爭目的的解釋,以及他對美國奴隸制度趨勢發展的基本判斷。首先,當時美國社會是因為兩大互為糾葛的因素而造成了南北戰爭:南北方對蓄 奴制的根本差異立場,以及南方要脫離合眾國而獨立;前者為社會制度、人道主義的價值衝突,後者則為美國政治統一、憲法體制的衝突。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">對於林肯這位在政治現實打滾的政治人物來說,顯然後者,政治統一、政治統治衝突才是最直接、關鍵的問題。如果當時美國分裂,不僅違反其立國的憲法體制,而且使得這統一政治體立即瓦解。在
這現實下,要再倡言廢奴就都毫無意義了(因為那已是另一個國家,南方的「美利堅聯盟國」之內部事務)。換言之,美國南北的統一乃是解決蓄奴、廢奴制度的前 提條件。因為,如果林肯要在美國社會內捍衛非洲裔人權、廢除蓄奴制,那首先這社會本身必須是一個政治共同體,他才可實施他的政治統治權力來達成這廢奴主
張。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">其次,那林肯為何不同時主張既要統一但也要廢奴呢?南北之衝突到要分裂的根本原因,難道不是因為蓄奴制度與否的價值衝突嗎?</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在這點上,林肯非常精確而堅定的掌握當時趨勢與他的底線。林肯堅決主張,在尚未建州的新區域,絕不能容許奴隸制,蓄奴制僅限於目前已有多年傳統的南方諸州
內,不得擴張蔓延。林肯之所以採取這妥協、容忍的立場,而非全面否決南方諸州目前的蓄奴制,乃是林肯深知,隨著南方莊園經濟逐漸沒落,自由州持續繁榮的趨 勢下,蓄奴制難以為繼只是時間問題,而當前關鍵乃是先維護這統一政治體。這基本條件不解決的話,後續的廢奴也就不可能了。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以此來看,林肯終極立場當然是要廢奴的,只是在當時的階段矛盾格局下,維護政治統一才是當務之急,才是當時的首要任務,所以林肯寧願將廢奴理想暫緩,不直
接挑釁南方,而以限制蓄奴的妥協方式,來盡可能換取到南北統一。然而,隨著南北戰爭的爆發後,因南方有大量奴隸資源而有充足人力來頑抗到底,使得林肯對南 北戰爭能迅速結束的期待遙遙無期,讓林肯體認到這場戰爭到了關鍵轉捩點上,必須徹底翻轉。據史書記載,在這關鍵時刻(南北戰爭進行了約一年三個月後),林
肯非常果斷而且獨立自主決定要提出全面廢除奴隸制,他自己寫好「解放宣言」初稿後,知會他的內閣,禮貌地說明他僅徵求他們的文字論述的建議意見,而非基本 立場的決策意見。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">林肯在南北衝突中對於反奴、廢奴的政策轉折,充分反映他非常精確而動態地掌握政治理念與手段之間的辯證關係。表面上看來,林肯似乎是將廢奴宣言作為軍事勝
利、政治統一目標的手段而已,藉此來瓦解南方對非洲裔民眾的統治正當性、提昇北方道德號召(甚至讓非洲裔民眾從軍入伍與北方對抗)。但從另一方面來看,正 如林肯在其著名的「蓋茨堡演講詞」所述,他所捍衛的美國乃是「以自由為立國的精神,致力於實現人人生而平等的主張」,他所捍衛的政治統一體,乃是人人平等
的政治社會,因此捍衛一個統一的美國就同時是在捍衛一個沒有奴隸壓迫的平等社會。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">南北戰爭既是為了美國統一,也更是為了平等無奴隸的自由社會體制。以此來看,目的與手段、統一與廢奴乃是一體之兩面,在實際的政治實踐上,端視於在那個時間點上,何者為主、何者為輔之動態變化而已。</span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">總結來說,林肯乃是目標明確、信念堅定,而能掌握時勢趨向,順勢而為,來為自己崇高政治理想務實邁進的偉大政治人物。一個懂得時勢變化,並在適當時機做出適切行動者,乃聖之時者也;以此而言,林肯,當之無愧。</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">台灣公共化協會成員<span lang="EN-US">) </span></span></div>
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<![endif]-->台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-47153845425132154482012-12-17T23:30:00.000+08:002013-01-11T16:42:10.323+08:00一場別具特色的弱勢者街頭尾牙<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;"> ”12月8日台灣菸酒工聯於創會五十週年首次跨足社福界,舉辦街友、弱勢家庭與獨居老人等弱勢者聚餐活動。國營事業工會在具歷史意義的建國啤酒廠舉辦此一公益活動不僅是公司行銷,更標誌著社會需求與資源公共化的重要真理。”</span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">----編者按 </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">台灣奇景:街友尾牙</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">又到了歲暮寒冬時節。在台灣社會,每年到了歲末時刻除了一般年節氣氛、職場上年終獎金會多發幾個月的話題外,社福團體舉辦的年度街友尾牙聚餐也逐漸成為例行的年節活動之一。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">首先創辦這類街友尾牙聚餐活動的創世基金會,已連續舉辦22年了,規模一年大過一年,去年更高達3000桌,若以每桌10人來計算,則一場尾牙辦下來,就是三萬餘名的街友同時聚餐。可想而知,要辦好這類大型公益活動,所需動用的人、物力資源是非常驚人的,而且這乃是出自於一個民間自主的社福團體來主辦,也反映了台灣公民社會自主活力的一面。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">上週六(12月8日)中午,台灣菸酒公司的工會聯合會(菸酒工聯)在人安基金會(亦為創世基金會的姊妹會)協助下,主辦了一次別開生面的寒冬送暖招待街友、</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">弱勢家庭與孤苦無依老人的</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">盛大</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">聚餐活動</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">(席開一百桌,當日到場約有九百人)</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">。筆者因緣際會深入參與了此次活動</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">,對此活動頗有感觸而有些許心得,謹擇要與各讀者分享。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">二、工會辦桌、招待弱勢者的三大意義</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">首先,這活動是由菸酒工聯所發起、主辦的,而據筆者了解,這乃是該工會成立五十年餘年來首次跨足於社福界,而以工會力量來參與公益活動、提供資源於弱勢族群。工會雖是追求自己工作夥伴的工作權益之自利團體,但若能以一己力量來幫助周遭更需要關懷的同胞,那這工會的意義、社會形象就會截然不同,更具有社會價值了。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">工會的勞工夥伴們,在資本主義的市場機制下,相對於私人資本家、高層管理者來說,向來是弱勢者,但作為弱勢者的勞工之間不僅應相互團結,若能對其他弱勢者也伸出援手來幫助更多的弱勢者,這是非常有啟發意義的一步:它標誌著未來或許勞工(或其他弱勢者)願意也能夠彼此幫助、彼此團結來共同追求一個真正公義的新社會。弱勢者全體若不能彼此團結,這舊社會是不可能被翻轉的!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">其次,這次聚餐的菜餚,是以該工會的台灣菸酒公司的紅標料理米酒來烹煮的。之所以會如此安排,乃是因為過去選舉時,某些政治人物會針對屬於國營事業的台灣菸酒公司米酒產品大加批評,誣指其內含工業酒精等。該公司的工會成員為了洗刷公司產品的污名,而決意主辦一場公開的米酒料理聚餐盛會,以公眾聚餐的口碑來印證公司產品的安全無虞。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">所以,這場名為公益活動的聚餐,實亦兼具了為該公司產品宣導、正名的目的。但,這活動卻並非是一般企業的公益行銷活動(或以公益之名的置入行銷)。理由很簡單:台灣菸酒公司是百分之百的政府持股之國營事業,其市場行銷的所有利潤皆歸繳國庫,為全民所有。以此來看,這場活動即使有推廣公司產品的效應,也屬於社會資源的重分配,最後只會增加社會事業的獲利能力,而非私人資本的利潤。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">其三,這次盛會的活動地點是台灣啤酒的發源地:台北市八德路上的台北啤酒工場。事實上,這啤酒工場約在十餘年前的國營事業民營化政策下就開始就面臨了關場、賣地的威脅。若非歷經台灣工運朋友、文化古蹟保存議題抗爭夥伴們的聯手抗爭,而扭轉政府政策,將其公告為台北市定古蹟的話,今日我們也看不到</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">台灣啤酒文化與製酒工業進化的最佳見證與活歷史了。換言之,這乃是公民抗爭來爭取公共空間來作為文化保存、國營事業運作,而非淪於私人資本的房地產投機炒作,今日才可作為純公益的聚餐活動場景。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">總結來說,這場工會勞工夥伴們主辦的公益活動之三大意義,公共事業的工會活動、公共事業的產品行銷、公共空間之公益服務,都環繞著社會資源公共化的主軸上。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;">在上週末細雨濛濛的中午,在一個古老的啤酒生產地上,在持續冒雨而來的各方弱勢民眾,扶老攜幼來分享一頓美食時,筆者見證了這時代的真理:唯有公共化,才能滿足一般民眾的普遍社會需求。</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(台灣公共化協會成員)</span>
</span>台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-52950375503972989292012-12-17T23:00:00.000+08:002012-12-18T04:40:51.293+08:00台灣農業政策窮得只剩下錢?<br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"> ”</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊宇帆先生於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日於部落格撰文「親愛的英九,聽我說說話,好嗎?」點出台灣農業政策的困境:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了不斷的給錢、補貼、鬆綁管制以利建設,農村、農業、農民等「三農問題」似乎一點都沒有改善,更遑論發展與再生。有沒有人真正想過要怎麼解決農業發展的困境?</span>”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;">----編者按 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">親愛的英九</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">楊宇帆先生於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">20</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日於部落格撰文「親愛的英九,聽我說說話,好嗎?」(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)兩個月以來瀏覽人次近八萬人,並且有超過三萬人於臉書「按讚」,引起媒體大幅報導,並稱其為「鳳梨王子」。主要的內容是關於農委會即將推出的政策:政府補助青年返鄉務農,保障兩年基本工資。鳳梨王子的建議簡單明瞭:補貼工資治標不治本(錢領完就沒有了),政府應多花精力與資源在輔導農民種植及行銷、利用各級教育推廣有機農業,以及完善醫療制度,進而讓產業健全、擴大「市場」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,他獲得的回應大致如下:(農委會主委)錢賺不夠多是因為地不夠大,應該要擴大經營;(總統府)建議聽到了,謝謝指教,函請相關單位處理(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">農委會官員們認為應該做的事情,大筆的預算繼續編下去。但問題在於,灑錢並無法解決農業的問題。根據官員的說法,下鄉傾聽民意,大家都對這個政策表示支持。當然,有補助可以領,沒有人會反對,但是錢領完之後呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大灑錢,大崩壞</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了補助青年返鄉務農之外,讓我們來看這數十年來台灣的農業政策有哪些重大的變革。首先是老農津貼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1995</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年起,在民進黨的推動下開辦老年農民福利津貼,每人每月可領</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千元,自此之後「加碼」成了兩大黨必爭之議題,民進黨執政時於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2004</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">06</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">07</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各漲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千元;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行政院原核定調漲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">316</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">元,在「民意」壓力下又改為調漲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千元,達到每月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">千元,每年經費超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">500</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億元。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政府還花了大筆的冤枉錢在「休耕補助」,每年燒掉超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">100</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億元,領取補助的地主約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">16</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人,其中有近六成非農民身份且沒有農保;就算有農保也不一定真正務農,更不一定是原先要保障的老農身份(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1997</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年休耕補助已發放超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1027</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億元,這個政策不僅持續增加一般農民租地耕種的經營成本,而且休耕地濫用除草劑而破壞生態環境的狀況相當嚴重(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年正式通過的「農村再生條例」更將在十年內編列</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億元(以現在政府的財政狀況,當然是用舉債的方式),其中雖不乏人力培育計劃,但整體的重點在於農地的重劃與建設,在大筆經費投入硬體建設的同時,還大開土地利用、建設與變更之門(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),實際上是為財團進駐開發而舖路,且創造出另一個地方勢力搶奪大筆經費的戰場。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行政部門需要再生,立法部門也要負起同樣的責任。作家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">/</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">農夫吳音寧紀錄了「農業發展條例」在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2000</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年前後的修法,是如何在眾多所謂「老農派」立委不分黨派的合作,以及各總統候選人競相開立選舉支票之下,開放農地自由買賣,並且可興建免稅農舍(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。於是接下來的事情大家都知道了,農地成為炒地皮標的、建商天堂,農村當中一棟棟的「別墅農舍」成為最尋常的農村景緻。所以,農發條例到底發了誰呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除了不斷的給錢、補貼、鬆綁管制以利建設,農村、農業、農民等「三農問題」似乎一點都沒有改善,更遑論發展與再生。有沒有人真正想過要怎麼解決農業發展的困境?隨意列舉:灌溉與工業排水汙染問題、冬季用水量不均問題、化學肥料過量問題、農產價格波動問題、農村基礎建設與人口老化問題(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。這些議題都淹沒在砸錢的選舉支票當中。「當政府的政策思考貧乏到只剩下『金錢』,而政策行動亦窮盡到只剩下『建設』時,真正需要『再生』的,恐怕正是政府本身(廖本全,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">農業發展的面向</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如同楊宇帆所說,政府現在有個很大問題是,僅著重在短期的政策,而非放眼未來。很多政策在短期內是看不到績效的。例如他所提到的醫療、教育推廣,「親愛的英九有看沒有懂」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">筆者認為,農業發展絕對不是靠短期的硬體投資以及補助計劃,而是靠政府與民間協力,著重「人」的培育以及全民觀念的改變(例如最重要的有機農業推廣)。談農業的發展絕不可能抽離人文精神,或只談「發展」與「經濟收益」。從歐盟的經驗以及學者的研究指出,「農村的發展必須要以有機農業為主,兼顧生態的復育;藉此重建農村勞動者對土地與生態的感情,才有機會重建農村的人文情感(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要讓農業發展,絕對不是只加碼補貼、請農民自行想辦法擴大經營,更不是引入大型建設計劃與資金;而是要肯花經費培育必要的人力資源,不管是在行銷、農場管理、有機農業相關技術與觀念、農業科技創新等層面,都是政府與民間可以合作之處。例如:推行有機生態觀光,以補貼有機農耕者的收入;開課訓練生態旅遊相關人才;輔導與補助農民從慣行農法轉作為有機農法(而不是拿錢直接補貼了事);協助農民獲取產銷相關知識與技能。另外,政府必須重視農村基礎建設,加強農村的社會安全網、學校、醫療系統等,而非那些不必要的道路、用不到的汙水處理廠、大型牌樓、涼亭、公園以及各種造景。很多事情在短期內或許看不出像補貼與硬體建設一般立即的成效,但卻是農業真正紮根發展的關鍵。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">推廣「合作社企業」也是一個振興農業的有效作法,並不是只能選擇「大量投入資金」這一套「開發」模式。今年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是聯合國訂定的國際合作社年,合作社已被認為是消除貧窮、促進發展的重要手段,可是合作社卻完全未受政府重視(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底,全臺灣有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">226</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個合作農場以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">907</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個農業合作社,社員約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">15</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人;漢光果菜生產合作社即其中著名案例。政府若能在合作社成立初期給予幫助,並推廣合作社教育、協助擴展、培育人才,並向歐盟、日本、加拿大、紐、澳等合作社企業蓬勃發展的國家借鏡,則有助於農業獲得重要發展契機(註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結語</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「政策沒有絕對的對與錯,只是希望政府能夠謙卑一點,去省思未來。土地是誠實的,你怎麼對待她,她就會怎麼回饋你,土地沒有顏色,我們的未來也沒有顏色,只有一片美好光明(楊宇帆)。」台灣美麗的土地已承受了太多的建設與崩壞,我們的農業往往過於強調補助與硬體建設,而忽略各類培育課程;經濟發展優先,而無視各處環境負荷;努力衝刺「有感」,而欠缺長遠完整規劃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使已經出現太多的破壞政策,但仍有許多人願意為農業發展爭取空間,有學者進行農業發展的研究,社運人士投入環保運動,少數的地方官員體認到農業產銷機制與合作社的重要性,以及許多像楊宇帆這樣的農民願意投入有機農業,或是合作社共同產銷機制的發展等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後,再次強調,農業政策的核心在於「人」,而不是在於錢。相關的建議已經有很多,希望政府官員以及民意代表們能夠聽到真正的民意,傾聽土地的聲音,讓我們這一代還能保持一些維護美麗土地的希望。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(「青年要好野」執行委員、美國密西根州大政治所博士生)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註釋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://why160why.pixnet.net/blog/post/92886201</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:農委會及總統府回應請見楊宇帆的回應文章:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://why160why.pixnet.net/blog/post/93112610</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。事實上,陳主委的回應似乎有點狀況外。臺灣的農業生產是以小農型態為主,根據行政院主計處</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2010</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年「農林漁牧業普查」,臺灣現有約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">78</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬戶農戶,其中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬戶(約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">55%</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的耕地面積在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公頃以下,平均耕地面積</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公頃,中位數為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">0.4—0.5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公頃。換句話說,像楊宇帆這樣的「小農」其實是佔大多數的。我們不能要求他們自行想辦法「擴大經營」來解決問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:汪文豪,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈不當休耕補貼,讓熱血務農青年成為崩世代憤青!〉,上下游新聞市集,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/19046</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:盧訓、劉志偉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">1027</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">億的代價!休耕補貼已成阻礙青年從農的絆腳石〉,上下游新聞市集,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/19059</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">5</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:廖本全,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2009</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈誰來看守台灣農村?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評農村再生(再犧牲)條例〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://e-info.org.tw/node/40687</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:這段醜陋的「民主」過程被紀錄在:吳音寧,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2007</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。《<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">江湖在哪裡</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣農業觀察</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》。台北:印刻出版有限公司,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">325-361</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。時任農委會主委的彭作奎先生大力阻擋農地開放,最後辭職下台以示負責。有部份立委發言阻止開放,呼籲愛護土地,也值得我們給予掌聲。然而,近年持續有立委提案要繼續放寬興建「農舍」的相關規定,請參閱李慧宜,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2008</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈農發條例發了誰?〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://e-info.org.tw/node/31766</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:建議參考彭明輝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈農業問題就是你我的問題〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://mhperng.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post_08.html</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈台灣農業的困境與挑戰〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://mhperng.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post_1440.html</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:彭明輝,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2004</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈有機農業與農村〉,《青芽兒》,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">8</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期。全文可參考:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://e-info.org.tw/node/16605</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://e-info.org.tw/node/16615</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:合作事業主管機關為內政部,但僅在社會司之下設置「合作行政管理科」與「合作事業輔導科」,截至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月科員人數僅有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">9</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人,外加</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名辦事員。註</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">10</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:關於合作社企業的重要性,請參閱陳方隅,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈「社會經濟」新思維:合作經濟的需要性〉,《臺灣立報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-120371</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</span><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></b>台灣公共化協會http://www.blogger.com/profile/12414810476669355968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3967783803147651993.post-46208069120922524562012-12-17T22:45:00.000+08:002012-12-18T04:41:43.438+08:00誰說教育品質無法與教育公平同時並進?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">▓</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: 新細明體;">任懷鳴</span><b><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: 新細明體; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> ”「人力資本理論」的教育觀,十足反映了「教育為經濟服務」的立場;卻忽略了,國家辦教育其實還有其他的目的,例如「培養優良的公民」、「滿足人民開拓視野、自我提昇的需求」等等。而這些目的,就算不比國家競爭力重要,卻也不比國家競爭力不重要!”</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">----編者按 </span></div>
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</xml><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US"> 11</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日聯合報一篇名為《均優質化:十二年國教的兩難任務》的社論,以日前「『特招生』與『免試生』是否同堂上課」的爭議為例,認為十二年國教有一個無法達成的兩難目標–即「均優質化」;因為「均即不易照顧優,優即不易照顧均;『特招生』與『免試生』即是這個兩難問題的根源,既有『特招生』即不均,既有『免試生』即不可能個個皆優。」</span>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">首先,筆者要指出:該篇社論把「『特招生』與『免試生』並列」當成這個兩難困境的根源,其實是犯了「倒果為因」的錯誤;相信許多人都看得出來,「特招生」根本是十二年國教政策對現況的一種妥協(為了緩和明星高中的反彈),而不是十二年國教本來就該有此設計;就像該文章中所說,十二年國教本來是應該「乾脆一律採學區免試制即可」的。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">而該篇社論之所以會有此「倒果為因」的推論,是因為他們有一個重要的假設,那就是:教育政策(包括十二年國教)必須以提昇(或至少是維護)國家競爭力為目標,而「特招生」才可以將資質優秀的學生集中起來因材施教,以發揮「教學的最大效益化」,讓國家可以利用有限的教育資源,有效的提昇國家競爭力;否則,「廢了明星高中,在教育體系的『優質化』即失去基地,那亦是國家的災難。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這種「人力資本理論」的教育觀,十足反映了「教育為經濟服務」的立場;卻忽略了,國家辦教育其實還有其他的目的,例如「培養優良的公民」、「滿足人民開拓視野、自我提昇的需求」等等。而這些目的,就算不比國家競爭力重要,卻也不比國家競爭力不重要!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一向以關切國家競爭力著稱的</span><span lang="EN-US">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,在今年初,出版了一本名為「教育中的公平與品質:支持不利學生與學校」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Equity and
Quality in Education</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">Supporting
Disadvantaged Students and Schools</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的報告報告開宗明義就說:「(環顧世界各地)表現最好的教育系統,是那些結合教育公平與教育品質的系統。」因為,「證據顯示:教育公平可以和教育品質携手並進;證據也顯示:減少學校教育失敗可以強化個人和社會回應衰退的能力,從而貢獻於經濟成長和社會福祉。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學校教育失敗有什麼後果呢?報告說:不但造成個人較差的收入、較難適應當前快速變遷的經濟,以及較高的失業風險;也造成他不容易獲得進一步學習的機會,以及比較沒有能力參與民主社會的公民生活。報告接著也說:學校教育失敗也讓社會損失慘重–包括,傷害社會的凝聚及階級流動,也增加社會在醫療、社會救助、和高犯罪率上的開支。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">換句話說,更多人民接受良好的教育,將可為民主的社會和永續的經濟作出貢獻。因此,報告建議:投資於「為每一位人民提供高品質的教育和公平的受教機會–至少到完成高中教育」,是最有利的教育政策。報告進一步建議二個政策方向:一是消除教育系統中的階層化,以免傷害教育公平;二是集中目標於協助表現不利的學校;除此之外,其他社會政策(包括住房和社會福利)也應該一併搭配進來,以保證學生的成功。換句話說,關心國家競爭力者如</span><span lang="EN-US">OECD</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">也主張,提昇國家競爭力的方法在於「拉弱勢者一把」,而不是利用篩選機制把菁英集中起來,然後施以選手訓練。</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">教育的典範國家芬蘭,從小學到高中,都沒有能力分班,更沒有透過篩選製造出「明星高中」;芬蘭學生較晚入學,學習時間較少,較少考試與作業,更不強調競爭。那麼,到底芬蘭教育的成功祕訣是什麼?答案是:芬蘭有一套高品質的師資培育制度(包括嚴謹的職前教育與在職的「師徒制」),然後給予教師高度的專業自主和尊重;再者,芬蘭充分落實「不放棄每個孩子」的口號,補救教學從小學一年級就開始,而且是用符合特教規格的「個別化教育」;此外,芬蘭學校也有專業團隊(包括校護、學校心理師、諮商師)負責處理學生霸凌、蹺課、文化障礙或學習障礙等等特殊問題。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">總之,芬蘭的教育資源看似更偏袒弱勢者,但芬蘭的菁英們似乎並不因此而被埋沒,芬蘭的國家競爭力似乎也沒有因此變差。還記得芬蘭曾被世界經濟論壇連續三年被評比為全球「成長競爭力」第一名吧?</span></div>
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